Lincoln's Renowned Rebel Exterminator!

Readers of this blog will recall that I have posted several times regarding my interest in 19th- and early 20th-century patent medicines. Indeed, my most recent Civil War News "Medical Department" column was on the subject; it being the first part of a 3-part series (I'll be posting "Part II" early next week!).

I'll also be talking about the important and interesting role that patent medicines played in the American Civil War at the 16th Annual Conference of the Society of Civil War Surgeons, March 27-29, 2009, in Chattanooga, TN.

Part III of the series - which I am working on now - will consider Abraham Lincoln's association with patent medicines, starting with his days in Springfield to his inauguration to his days in office to the use of his name well after his assassination.

In fact, I've already posted previously on how the marketers of a whisker-restorer used Lincoln's name in advertising just before he took office in 1861. Likewise I've posted here and here on how Lincoln's name and image was used to market products well after his death. What's more, The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress have some interesting wartime correspondence between "snake oil" salesmen and the President.

Another fabulous combination of patent medicines and Abraham Lincoln can be found on a Civil War-era "patriotic envelope" (c. 1861) I have recently added to my collection, the detail of which is shown in the graphic above.

The design shows a beardless Abraham Lincoln as an alchemist/pharmacist and dressed in red-white-and-blue in his laboratory. The artist made clever use of the patent medicine craze with names such as "Lincoln's Renowned Rebel Exterminator" and "Preserved Grape in Canisters." You'll also notice the use of familiar names such as Scott, Butler, and Schenkl. Notice also the rather grim "specimens" of Jeff Davis and P.G.T. Beauregard in the top left corner!

The envelope is a great piece of Lincolnia and period medical history.

Civil War Medicine (and Writing) - 101 posts!!!

The purpose of this post is to celebrate 101 posts!

100 posts seems to be a milestone for many bloggers and I reached that yesterday with my post on Civil War era rockets and pyrotechnics. I didn't want to "cheat" by making my 100th post a celebratory post, thus celebrating at 101!

In looking over the posts I've made since I started this blog back in May 2007, I see that nearly half of them are on Civil War medicine, so I'm pretty satisfied that I'm keeping with the mission that I set out on at the beginning.

The blog has been so much easier to update and serve as an archive for my Civil War News "Medical Department" columns than a traditional website, yet still offers the flexibility to "add value" to the re-published columns by hyperlinking to relevant sources.

One thing I do hope to return to is my "School of the Writer" series, offering advice on research, writing, and publishing that I've gained through experience in the past decade.

I will - and unabashedly so - continue to discuss my own writing projects...first to publicize them, but also because I have made some great contacts and obtained some great information from folks who have seen the posts.

I certainly appreciate everyone who takes the time to visit, follow, and/or leave comments...I'm looking forward to celebrating 200 posts...and hopefully more quickly than I got to 100!

Thanks for the support.

The Rocket's Red Glare

I saw a pretty cool show for the first time this weekend: "Weapon Masters" on the Military Channel. According to the show website:

"Technology and history collide head-on in this action packed series, where we witness first hand the power of pivotal world-changing weapons. But did the ancient craftsman get it right? Could we make a better weapon today with modern materials, science and techniques? Or did ancient craftsmen's seemingly simple solutions make the most sense, withstanding the test of time? This is no dry, academic show - these weapons are put through their paces. In the final showdown, in which our modern weapon is pitted against the traditionally built example, we use high speed cameras and time-slice photography to capture the moment of truth - will our new sword cleave a bullet clean in two, can our crossbow shoot farther . . . or will the traditional weapon reign supreme?"

In the episode I saw this past Sunday, the hosts were looking at improvements to the Civil War-era Hale Rocket...again from the show website: "What made this cast iron, 26-pound, Civil war rocket revolutionary was its spin. By diverting some of the rocket's thrust to create spin, the Hale took advantage of the simple idea of gyroscopic force, improving both range and accuracy." (Mythbusters also looked at the Hale Rocket in one of their episodes).

The episode reminded me of a copy of a document in my collection I obtained from Alan C. Aimone several years ago when I was doing research on the early history of the chemistry department at West Point: "Military Pyrotechny for the Use of the Cadets of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point" (1835).

The text includes more than 40 pages of beautifully lithographed text of the principles of nitre, gunpowder, fulminating mercury, various chemicals and compounds from antimony to linseed oil to sulphur; the mechanics of preparing "quick match," "slow match," fuses, and primers; the manufacture of case shot, grape shot, strap shot, and musket catridges.

The best part is the section on preparing what we would think of as "pyrotechnics" - that is, "light balls," "fire balls," "incendiary balls," "Chevaux de frise foudroyans." "smoke balls," and "suffocating balls." There are several pages of text on rockets.

Even better than the text itself are more than 20 pages of illustrated plates containg hundreds of hand-drawn figures to accompany the text.

The handbook gives a wonderful idea of the typical instruction that a typical antebellum cadet received in "blowing things up." As I wrote in my article (Today's Chemist at Work, September 2000)...from its very founding, at West Point, Chemistry was a "Corps Subject"!

"We Are Going to Have Some New Clothes!" (Said President Lincoln)

Over at his excellent "A. Lincoln Blog," Brian Dirck - Associate Professor of History at Anderson University and author of a number of works on President Abraham Lincoln - has an interesting post today on the fate of the overcoat that President Lincoln was wearing on the night of his assassination.

The post is about a story from the Washington Post that Ford's Theater has decided not to put Lincoln's overcoat on permanent display for a number of reasons. In his post, Brian raises a number of interesting points:

1) The coat's lining is embroidered with the phrase "One Country, One Destiny." That sounded a "little too ostentatious for Lincoln," according to Brian, because:

2) Lincoln "was notoriously careless in his dressing habits, even as president," as he suggests in his post, adding:

3) "It's difficult to imagine Lincoln himself having such work done; so I wonder how that saying came to be embroidered in his coat? A gift, perhaps?"

Well, here I am to happily try and answer (even correct!) some of Brian's points. I've come to learn a bit about the coat in question - and Lincoln's dressing habits - as part of the research for my recent (and first!) book, Lincoln's Labels: America's Best Known Brands and the Civil War (Edinborough Press, 2008).

You see, one of the "labels" I discuss in the book is the venerable clothier Brooks Brothers. Brooks Brothers has a very interesting war story, from being a uniform supplier, to a (overblown) contracting scandal, to labor problems, to a harrowing night during the Draft Riots, to outfitting generals such as Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, and - like many Chief Executives since - also "outfitting" President Lincoln. Indeed, the coat that Brian refers to in his post was a gift from Brooks Brothers.

Below is an excerpt from the book which I hope will answer some of Brian's questions and possibly even change his opinion of Lincoln as a "sloppy dresser":

Another westerner - President Abraham Lincoln - also carried a reputation as a careless dresser. "He may have been honest," one biographer wrote of Lincoln's early career as a lawyer, "but he wasn't much to look at. His blue pants floated a good inch above his socks." His homespun wear was typical of the frontier, but because Lincoln was so tall his clothes fit worse than most (his trousers - four feet in length - would have reached the underarms of an average man).

In 1855, when Lincoln arrived in Cincinnati to help defend a client in an important patent case, his fellow counselors (including his future Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) described Lincoln as "awkward and ungainly in appearance, his clothing utterly devoid of the tailor's art, ill-fitting and in no wise suited to his angular frame...his appearance was that of the average western farmer of the period."

Others, though, insisted that Lincoln "wasn't sloven and wasn't a buffoon." Judith Bradner - a Bloomington socialite who once entertained Lincoln in her home - recalled that he "was not so careless about his clothes looked as some people say." She admitted that Lincoln's clothes "did not fit him well," but added, "the material was of the best. His linen was always fresh and clean."

As president, Lincoln at least had plenty of clothes to choose from. From the time he was nominated gifts poured in, many in the form of wearing apparrel, including hats, socks, shoes, and full suits (includinga bullet-proof coat of chain-mail). One gentleman, who carried a handsome silk hat to the President-elect in January 1861, recalled that in receiving the hat, Lincoln laughed heartily over the gift and remarked to Mrs. Lincoln, "Well, wife, if nothing else comes out of this scarpe, we are going to have some new clothes are we not?!"

Brooks Brothers tailored several of President Lincoln's suits (as they have for many Chief Executives since); on the occasion of his second inauguartion, the clothier presented him with a handsome overcoat (a "great coat" as they were known then) as a gift. The coat was truly one-of-a-kind: not just as a gift to a sitting president, but for its exquisite workmanship. made of wool finer than cashmere, the coat was pieced and sewn with intricate stitching. The most appealing aspect of the coat was its lining. A talented NewJjersey seamstress spent several weeks hand-stitching an elaborate pattern, repeated on each side; at the center of the design was an American bald eagle, wings spread; in its beak, a ribbon bearing the patriotic inscription "One Country, One Destiny"; shields - filled with stars and stripes - were above and below the eagle; the field was surrounded with scallops and other rich ornaments.

The coat was a favorite of Lincoln's, and he wore it on special occasions, including the night he was assassinated, April 14, 1865 - ironically one of the happiest days of his life - dressed for the theater in the style of the day: black broadcloth frock coat and matching pants, white shirt, bow tie (Lincoln preferred the pre-formed bows), and his favored Brooks Brothers overcoat.

As interesting as how Lincoln got the coat is what happened to ita fter his death...the story continues:

Lincoln's Brooks brothers coat has endured as both legend and relic. Rumors and myths surrounded the late President's assassination clothes soon after his death. One story had the suit being displayed in the window of a brooks Brothers store on lower Broadway as a promotion. As the legend goes, an angry crowd - appalled at the crassness of such a marketing campaign - smashed the window and trashed the store. Another equally false (but equally persistent) legend has Brooks Brothers never makinga black suit again, in deference to the suit worn by Lincoln that night.

The coat, now on display at Ford's Theater National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., had a long and indirect trip in getting there. Mrs. Lincoln gave the assassination clothes to White House doorkeeper Alphonso Dunn (who remained as doorman through the administration of Grover Cleveland). Donn cherished the garments and refused many offers to buy the clothes, including a $20,000 offer from P. T. Barnum. From the time Donn received the coat, it became the victim of souvenier hunters as they snipped pieces when his back was turned. Upon Alphonso's death, the coat was passed down through the family.

Late in 1915, a Massachusetts Congressman introduced "A Bill...Providing for the purchase of the suit of clothes worn by President Lincoln at the time of his assassination." The legislation authorized the sum of $7,500 "from any unexpended moneys of the amount set aside for the construction and expenses of the Lincoln Memorial." The bill did not pass. In 1924, the latest of the Donn owners - inneed of funds - placed the clothes at auction, but they were returned to her by a mysterious starnger who bid a few thousand dollars to protect the interests of the family. The clothes were then willed to Dorothy Donn, grandadughter of the original owner, who placed the items in a series of bank vaults for safekeeping.

The grandadughter tried to sell the Brooks Brothers coat in the 1930s, with hopes it could be properly conserved and dispalyed, but her asking price of $50,000 found no takers among the museums and historical societies she contacted (not even from Brooks Brothers, another story has it). In 1967, Mrs. Smith renewed her efforts by placing advertisements in the New York Times (the paper would call it "the most famous and expensive Brooks Brothers suit of all time.") The coincident reopening of Ford's Theater as a National Historic Site afforded an ideal opportunity to acquire the clothes. Another Congressman - Iowan Fred Schwengel - secured a generous gift from American trucking interests and bought the artifacts from Mrs. Smith. The coat was then clean and restored.

Well - I hope that helps Brian and any other interested readers! Feel free to leave a comment if you have any questions!