tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14395875307879293812024-03-27T16:52:54.541-07:00Civil War Medicine (and Writing)A blog on Civil War-era medicine and my own historical research and writingJim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.comBlogger471125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-42611628553493968842018-08-04T13:58:00.000-07:002018-08-04T14:00:40.629-07:00Game Review - Clear the Decks! (Age of Sail Cooperative Ship-to-Ship Combat Card Game)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihB4FpQEPgliWGvNgS9eGQr4RSxQVVA5_5_paBOSdSAXZGrt4nzLQ_FUeAskyTx-YusXPXcZVz7mk2ZUg5O0jbyjwsxkZHWuYU-VoALurjfXClUbmoJcihgXmrYFMVkC5sN183wNi_cko/s1600/FullSizeRender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihB4FpQEPgliWGvNgS9eGQr4RSxQVVA5_5_paBOSdSAXZGrt4nzLQ_FUeAskyTx-YusXPXcZVz7mk2ZUg5O0jbyjwsxkZHWuYU-VoALurjfXClUbmoJcihgXmrYFMVkC5sN183wNi_cko/s400/FullSizeRender.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Set up of "Clear the Decks" - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well, it’s been more than two years since I have
posted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many reasons – a busy work and
family life and – frankly – some burnout on the primary focus of this blog
(Civil War medicine) and writing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That said, I’ve been a very active reader the past two years
and in the past 6-9 months, I’ve switched gears to another subject and have
been immersing myself in reading about the Age of Fighting Sail, especially the
period from the American War of Independence up to the Civil War, both fiction
and nonfiction.</div>
<br />
That reading has extended to following several groups on
Facebook and it was about 6 months ago that I started to follow with great
interest the development of a card game called “Clear the Decks” being
developed by Chris Pinyan of <a href="https://www.crispygamesco.com/" target="_blank">Crispy Games Co</a>. Evidently my “likes” and “Wows”
and “Loves” on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CrispyGamesCo/" target="_blank">game's Facebook page</a> attracted Chris’s attention and he kindly offered me the
opportunity to playtest a prototype copy of “Clear the Decks” as part of
promoting his <a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1480427463/clear-the-decks" target="_blank">Kickstarter campaign</a>, which runs through 16 August 2018.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-0UIjndQHzw5I1X0VbRP9Fqm2dorTE6ufILWV4XaPv6sUGXsj3zDZxCWevaUJidPOl_4LIrijmB0KW10Pfp5Ll_X3yQyFYJNL_6qy_5h0y_PSaVRluJNjO1t1t16yNWCgGOugOvPVjc/s1600/cleardeckslogo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-0UIjndQHzw5I1X0VbRP9Fqm2dorTE6ufILWV4XaPv6sUGXsj3zDZxCWevaUJidPOl_4LIrijmB0KW10Pfp5Ll_X3yQyFYJNL_6qy_5h0y_PSaVRluJNjO1t1t16yNWCgGOugOvPVjc/s320/cleardeckslogo.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Clear the Decks logo - Chris Pinyan</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I have <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AH7RJYHG7ZQLMN5NOSAZVDFLO4HQ?preview=true" target="_blank">reviewed hundreds of books</a>, many of them here on the
blog, but I’ve never reviewed a game before, so this is a fun and interesting
experience!<br />
<br />
I decided to rate the game on several factors: Concept, Art,
Rulebook, Playability, Scalability, and Expandability. As noted above, this was a
prototype/pre-publication version and players should expect some changes in the
final version.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Concept –> 5/5
</b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve absolutely enjoyed and loved my recent immersion into
the Age of Fighting Sail, mostly through reading but also through film, visits
to ships, including a <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHsm87aaqU" target="_blank">visit to the USS Constellation</a> (1854) in Baltimore, and
building plastic scale models.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m not a <i>regular</i> gamer but I do like to play games.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A friend introduced me to “Magic: The
Gathering” about 20 years ago, and I played that for several years; my oldest
son and I played “Flames of War,” a WWII wargame for several years, 12-15 years
ago, which combined gameplay with painting of 15mm miniatures. Since then, I’ve
played other games with family and friends, including Battle Cry (Civil War),
Memoir ’44 (WW2), 1775 Rebellion, Fluxx, Settlers of Cataan, and others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was looking for a fun Age of Sail game and there are some,
but most of the games I found included an aspect of wind/sailing mechanics
or focused on Exploration, rather than ship-to-ship combat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What immediately drew me to “Clear the Decks,” was its
simplicity as a card game and its emphasis on combat rather than sailing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise, on Facebook, his website, and in
interviews, the developer explained his influences and motivations, and they
were very much in line with my own – so not only had I found what looked like a
fun game, I had also found a kindred spirit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You will find a short introduction to the game in the video
below.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6fdx9kng1Oo?controls=0" width="560"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Artwork -> 5/5</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The developer has spared little expense in making this an
attractive game.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The artwork by the talented
Santiago Reinoso is engaging and pleasing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s a testament not only to the artist but also to designer Chris
Pinyan for effectively communicating his vision for the cards and tokens to the
artist.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxq4sv4FqACWvsGCgGG9o66_hIdC8Qc7uP8KGbN_izICBV9f_5jPwFfysbEEWQVMec7_j4PkrPR5z4h6SxQWXmCGXksXKiQtji3ZistsBdnjr_e8HLNL9wAK-80bKH6HI3dkunMLK-Ld8/s1600/clear+cards.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="680" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxq4sv4FqACWvsGCgGG9o66_hIdC8Qc7uP8KGbN_izICBV9f_5jPwFfysbEEWQVMec7_j4PkrPR5z4h6SxQWXmCGXksXKiQtji3ZistsBdnjr_e8HLNL9wAK-80bKH6HI3dkunMLK-Ld8/s400/clear+cards.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Lovely artwork enhances the enjoyment of the game - Chris Pinyan</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Rulebook -> 3/5</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If I could offer advice on an area for improvement, it would
be the rulebook, which you can download freely <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NTIHtNhtEPwMJ_3yftxI1Q1phso3swJB/view" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The good news is that the description of the setup of the
game is pretty clear. That said, I do not think actual gameplay is adequately
described, and I actually learned more from some gameplay videos and other play
tester reviews on YouTube.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise, the
rulebook included typing and grammatical errors (to be expected in a prototype)
and – most disappointing - the aesthetics of the cards are markedly absent from
the rulebook.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Gameplay -> 4/5</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The most important part of the game is actual gameplay, and
this is definitely a fun game to play!
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I played both a 1-player game and a (solo) 2-player/2-hand
game using one of the simpler ship scenarios (see Scalability, below).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6TIVRsISC6vgLwOitaXgH3lJnHLGvzqG3zfl-fGxk5pXr7El_hF4RXJW-EeHBtWX_l8npm3_0vClyeF5F8QvfowhEFQp2R811hvIcHSLmJkEBH-LOoYJ9Rx_a4Iiptxd9YA64DKYupy0/s1600/IMG_1359.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6TIVRsISC6vgLwOitaXgH3lJnHLGvzqG3zfl-fGxk5pXr7El_hF4RXJW-EeHBtWX_l8npm3_0vClyeF5F8QvfowhEFQp2R811hvIcHSLmJkEBH-LOoYJ9Rx_a4Iiptxd9YA64DKYupy0/s400/IMG_1359.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>My 24-pdr preparing to fire on an enemy ship gun - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Setup took 5-10 minutes, which is just fine. Typical
gameplay times are listed as 30-90 minutes, which sounds about right. While I
played solo in terms of play testing, even my simulated 2-player game made the
cooperative aspects evident, which the designer has emphasized.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think a natural extension would be player vs. player (see Expandability,
below) rather than the cooperative scenario against the enemy ship as designed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Ship Event and Fortune cards are my absolute favorites,
as are the Tactics cards.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUzpK7Y32Mjn6k9NILgxSJmrPbNH6DtxeQa5B6bqjmE0LOnHqPFEz95mt605k4H5NrxNr9xLBEJnsY-_NEInxxseerLbjquKm4y67TTSIwgdVdrwClp09UJSRts0E4aJHj5fphL4Vuwc/s1600/IMG_1362.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUzpK7Y32Mjn6k9NILgxSJmrPbNH6DtxeQa5B6bqjmE0LOnHqPFEz95mt605k4H5NrxNr9xLBEJnsY-_NEInxxseerLbjquKm4y67TTSIwgdVdrwClp09UJSRts0E4aJHj5fphL4Vuwc/s400/IMG_1362.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Some of my favorite Fortune, Tactic, and Ship Event cards from the game - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I found the enemy ship “Crew” and “Boarder” cards to
be interesting but I think their function as separate (and multiple) draw decks
to unnecessarily complicate otherwise straightforward and entertaining game
play. Finally, periodic references on the cards to “discarding a <u>random</u> card”
seems silly and there is no mechanism in the rules to ensure that randomness
(for instance, making another player remove the card from your hand).I would change to simply "discard."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have not played enough to be able to remark on typical
game outcomes. One reviewer had noticed that the cooperating players won every
time against the enemy ship in their several sessions, but that may be
anecdotal. For my part, I felt like the proportion of “Ammunition” cards to
other cards (Fortune, Officers, Marines, Tactics, etc) in my hand was excessive,
which limited my ability to exercise some game options, but the designer has
indicated that there is some mathematical rationale in the ratio of Ammunition
cards in game play.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLvhcAagjs-Wib9d8LSgPZF7NkIK7XnK3HxkdKssysbJueYFG5e7nIvGTOqy8aqut8ZKLIAL_aYNcCgDBS-8O0km2fdynM-gVsnjFIlrML46EtMRANlCZsYZ-IMLMNCkS0curzr2Rvgds/s1600/clear+game+play.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="358" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLvhcAagjs-Wib9d8LSgPZF7NkIK7XnK3HxkdKssysbJueYFG5e7nIvGTOqy8aqut8ZKLIAL_aYNcCgDBS-8O0km2fdynM-gVsnjFIlrML46EtMRANlCZsYZ-IMLMNCkS0curzr2Rvgds/s400/clear+game+play.jpg" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>A description of game attack mechanics - Chris Pinyan</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But, make no mistake: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I thoroughly enjoyed playing the game!
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Scalability -> 4/5</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think the designer has done a great job in this aspect.
The game can be played with 1-4 players, with enemy ships comprising 2, 3, or 4
card stacks, and even among those ships there are no less than nine options –
from a small cutter to a brig to a frigate (although I wonder why he did not
include the option for a multi-deck “ship of the line”).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9qWuBMutKYwxwbJJrYX_syEhihX_sXzQbBLX9FhU_sBG8Pmtqa8s14DNTQ15q5cDNFzCdaD4NgoUlG3NdD_ny1BcAez0y5YaqheDLBIY1ELKbvH3PPkFZdP71I5zZbOh34rhFMbhyphenhyphendWI/s1600/clear+ships.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="680" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9qWuBMutKYwxwbJJrYX_syEhihX_sXzQbBLX9FhU_sBG8Pmtqa8s14DNTQ15q5cDNFzCdaD4NgoUlG3NdD_ny1BcAez0y5YaqheDLBIY1ELKbvH3PPkFZdP71I5zZbOh34rhFMbhyphenhyphendWI/s400/clear+ships.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Multiple game boards allow for different size enemy ships - Chris Pinyan</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In any case, especially for multiple players and larger
enemy ship options, game play will not be repetitive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Expandability -> 5/5</b></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think there is great potential here for expandability from
the “base” game.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I already hinted at the natural extension to player vs.
player rules above.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While playing the game and studying the cards, I was already
thinking of some of my own design (not that the designer may not have already
thought of them himself):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ship Event (benefits the enemy ship): <u>“Mutiny”</u> – an
immediate effect in which the next player loses their turn and all officers in his handbut is still subject
to counterattacks from the enemy ship</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fortune (benefits a player) – <u>“Prize Money”</u> – several
options – draw new cards…more cards allowed in hand for 1 or 2 turns…ability to
have more than one type of cannon, etc.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The possibilities are (almost) endless and I can certainly envision
a card “expansion pack.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To add an aspect of “verisimilitude” I did a setup of
the game with one of the model ships I had built and with some (unpainted) 15mm
miniatures as “boarders.” Indeed, while it is essentially a card game in terms
of play, the inclusion of ship boards and tokens means that it is not
entirely portable, is boxed, and affords the possibility of some figures, etc</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubIWpoXXmJh3XD-6CLo1d1EYjuD7el9cUQQB-3-D0Ktx8RaeC-DoL24UASvy7oR3Cf-6TgHJBO2qroCJ1vnSxZk6A_i42CZ-qdU4x5k0luOg-x7eRQ9KRmui6Cg7BSra4ET3z_-R6M7Y/s1600/IMG_1363.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubIWpoXXmJh3XD-6CLo1d1EYjuD7el9cUQQB-3-D0Ktx8RaeC-DoL24UASvy7oR3Cf-6TgHJBO2qroCJ1vnSxZk6A_i42CZ-qdU4x5k0luOg-x7eRQ9KRmui6Cg7BSra4ET3z_-R6M7Y/s400/IMG_1363.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>"En garde!" cry the Boarders! I set up the game with a ship model and some miniatures - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I do hope that the designer takes advantage of building a
player community where players can log
game scenarios and outsomes, participate ina forum, suggest new cards, etc.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Conclusion </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My overall score for “Clear the Decks” is 4.3, <u>decidedly above
average </u>– highly recommended for game and Age of Sail enthusiasts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, although I have a very playable prototype, courtesy
of the designer, I am pleased to say that I am a backer of this <a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1480427463/clear-the-decks" target="_blank">Kickstarter project</a>!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many thanks again to Chris Pinyan for the review copy and I wish him every success.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-41693752412358348462016-06-10T09:31:00.000-07:002016-06-10T09:31:24.529-07:00The Free State of...Texas (Book Review: "Lone Star Unionism")<b>Reading this book and writing this review comes at a great time with the forthcoming release of the much-anticipated film, <a href="http://stxmovies.com/freestateofjones/" target="_blank"><i>The Free State of Jones</i></a>! And as you'll see below, there is a specific connection between the book and the film!</b><br />
<br />
<b>First, I want to thank the kind people at the <a href="http://www.oupress.com/" target="_blank">University of Oklahoma Press</a> for sending me a review copy of <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Lone-Star-Unionism-Dissent-Resistance/dp/0806151838/" target="_blank"><i>Lone Star Unionism, Dissent, and Resistance: Other Sides of Civil War Texas</i></a> (2016), edited by Jesús F. de la Teja<i>. </i></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3kZC0KrFoSZ5VhdKd4w9FwF13KbQvo1QLhUv9LkIPxAtUYgkqgD2KbT0TvmRjqRNpYNyt5hscGBEv1b1AhGDNRMfR7xQciE-MRrhbbLpUe4sze1l13OVOcU2zcaIW5ZiwPY3bXS03bI/s1600/lone+star.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3kZC0KrFoSZ5VhdKd4w9FwF13KbQvo1QLhUv9LkIPxAtUYgkqgD2KbT0TvmRjqRNpYNyt5hscGBEv1b1AhGDNRMfR7xQciE-MRrhbbLpUe4sze1l13OVOcU2zcaIW5ZiwPY3bXS03bI/s400/lone+star.jpg" width="262" /></a></div>
<b>One of the great benefits of an edited volume of essays is that it gives the opportunity for scholars to write on interesting, but focused, topics that may not warrant book-length treatment; this book also makes accessible a collection of scholarship presented at a <a href="https://renegadesouth.wordpress.com/2014/02/23/symposium-april-5-2014-lone-star-unionism-and-dissent-presented-by-the-center-for-the-study-of-the-southwest-texas-state-university/" target="_blank">symposium at Texas State University in 2014</a>. On both counts, OU Press has done readers a great favor.</b><br />
<br />
<b>I was originally attracted to this book for several reasons:</b><br />
<br />
<b>a) my own reading, research, and writing as relates to Civil War-era Texas, as expressed in my own book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Galveston-Civil-War-Island-Maelstrom/dp/1609492838" target="_blank"><i>Galveston and the Civil War</i></a> (2012)</b><br />
<br />
<b>b) an interest in Southern Unionists and other examples of dissent and resistance (including slaves and abolitionists), especially in Texas (e.g., see posts <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2013/06/snooping-and-free-speech-in-civil-war.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2013/06/galveston-and-slavery-3-treatment-of.html" target="_blank">here</a>)</b><br />
<br />
<b>c) I was already acquainted with and admire the work of four of its contributors: Victoria E. Bynum, W. Caleb McDaniel, Richard B. McCaslin, and Walter D. Kamphoefner.</b><br />
<br />
<b>If one takes the main title of the book as its presumed mission, I'd say it satisfies it only if very broadly defined. However, in terms of the subtitle - "Other Sides of Civil War Texas" - it excels in its scope, originality, and scholarship.</b><br />
<br />
<b>The publisher's overview:</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Most histories of Civil War Texas—some starring the fabled Hood’s Brigade, Terry’s Texas Rangers, or one or another military figure—depict the Lone Star State as having joined the Confederacy as a matter of course and as having later emerged from the war relatively unscathed. Yet as the contributors to this volume amply demonstrate, the often neglected stories of Texas Unionists and dissenters paint a far more complicated picture. Ranging in time from the late 1850s to the end of Reconstruction, </i>Lone Star Unionism, Dissent, and Resistance<i> restores a missing layer of complexity to the history of Civil War Texas.<br /><br />The authors—all noted scholars of Texas and Civil War history—show that slaves, freedmen and freedwomen, Tejanos, German immigrants, and white women all took part in the struggle, even though some never found themselves on a battlefield. Their stories depict the Civil War as a conflict not only between North and South but also between neighbors, friends, and family members. By framing their stories in the analytical context of the “long Civil War,” Lone Star Unionism, Dissent, and Resistance reveals how friends and neighbors became enemies and how the resulting violence, often at the hands of secessionists, crossed racial and ethnic lines. The chapters also show how ex-Confederates and their descendants, as well as former slaves, sought to give historical meaning to their experiences and find their place as citizens of the newly re-formed nation.<br /><br />Concluding with an account of the origins of Juneteenth—the nationally celebrated holiday marking June 19, 1865, when emancipation was announced in Texas—Lone Star Unionism, Dissent, and Resistance challenges the collective historical memory of Civil War Texas and its place in both the Confederacy and the United States. It provides material for a fresh narrative, one including people on the margins of history and dispelling the myth of a monolithically Confederate Texas.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>And now to the review! I'm going to start with what I thought were the strongest contributions:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><a href="https://renegadesouth.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Victoria Bynum's</a> "East Texas Unionism: Warren J. Collins, Big Thicket Jayhawker" is excellent. It's Bynum's book,<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Free-State-Jones-Movie-Mississippis/dp/1469627051/" target="_blank"><i> The Free State of Jones, Movie Edition: Mississippi's Longest Civil War</i></a>, that is the basis for the forthcoming film, and the chapter comes closes to what I hoped the book would encompass in terms of exploring themes of Texas Unionism. It's a terrific integration of folklore, geography, family migration from Mississippi to Texas, backwoods life, conflict between poor whites and commercial planters, participation of Collins family members in Newt Knight's Unionist guerilla band in Mississippi, and a transition into 20th century political life. The research is exceptional and the story is very interesting.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>I had the privilege and pleasure of seeing <a href="http://history.tamu.edu/faculty/kamphoefner.shtml" target="_blank">Walter D. Kamphoefner</a> speak about Germans and the Civil War several years ago when I still lived in Texas. Like Bynum, his chapter - "New Americans or New Southerners? Unionist German Texans" - also comes close to what I was hoping from in the book's mission. It's a very good summary of German-American sentiment in Texas in the Civil War era, and in other states, including Missouri, where I live now, so it also appealed to me on that level. Her examines slave ownership, voting records, enlistment in Union and Confederate units, post-war recriminations and/or assimilation, analysis of German-American correspondence and more. An especially interesting aspect was the adoption of the German language by some African-Americans in Texas. Apart from a disappointing, unnecessary, and uncharitable <i>ad hominem</i> insult that closes the chapter, it is an excellent piece of work.</b><br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2013/05/activists-agitators-and-abolitionists.html" target="_blank">I have interviewed Caleb W. McDaniel on this blog before</a> and admire his scholarship very much, and his chapter - "Involuntary Removals: "Refugeed Slaves" in Confederate Texas" - does not disappoint. The focus of the chapter is the influx of slaves into Texas in the war years - swelling the estimated slave population by an additional 50,000-150,000, owing to an exodus of slaveholders from other states, especially Louisiana and Arkansas. The best part of this chapter dispels the myth of the "faithful slave" and discusses African-Americans Unionism and dissent, especially in terms of runaways. What's especially impressive about McDaniel's contribution - and most others in the book - is that they are original contributions to scholarship and literature and that shows up in the diligence in the research as evidenced in the endnotes. Especially interesting in McDaniel's case is his utilization of the Weeks family correspondence.</b><br />
<br />
<b>McDaniel's chapter is actually one of at least four chapters that focuses on the African-American experience in Texas in the era. Other chapters focuses on "Slave flight," "African-American women and racial violence," and "Juneteenth."Of the three besides McDaniel's, "Slave flight" relied too heavily on newspaper accounts and did not exhibit the breadth or depth of research that other contributions in this book did; likewise, the chapter on Juneteenth did not add much in the way of new scholarship in my opinion. However, <a href="http://www.tlu.edu/contact/faculty-directory/rebecca-czuchry/" target="_blank">Rebecca A. Czuchry's</a> chapter, ""In Defense of Their Families: African-American Women, the Freedmen's Bureau, and Racial Violence During Reconstruction in Texas," was exceptional and one of the strongest in the book. It makes for interesting, if uncomfortable, reading owing to an emphasis on the sexual crimes against African-American women in post-war Texas. </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Richard B. McCaslin's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Tainted-Breeze-Gainesville-Conflicting-Dimensions/dp/080712219X" target="_blank"><i>Tainted Breeze: The Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas, 1862</i></a>, is one of my favorite books, and he builds on it with his excellent chapter, "A Texas Reign of Terror: Anti-Unionist Violence in North Texas." </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Another chapter in the book - on Edmund J. Davis - was interesting, but offered little more than straight biography. The introductory chapter on "Collective Memory of a Confederate Texas" was interesting but seemed an odd choice t introduce the other subject matter.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>In terms of learning something new, I really enjoyed Omar Valerio-Jimenez's chapter, "Although We Are the Last Soldiers: Citizenship, Ideology, and Tejano Unionism," as it was an entirely new subject to me and it was an outstanding contribution to this group.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Of the 10 chapters in the book, 6 are truly outstanding, and the others are average or above - it's a good mix of material and highly recommended reading. 4 to 4 1/2 stars out of 5, for sure.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The one thing I would have liked to seen covered was a discussion of institutionalized suppression of civil liberties in Texas by the Confederate government - something along the lines of Mark Neely's (1999) <i>Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism</i>. My own research indicates there is a lot to explore in terms of secret police activities, imprisonment, confiscation of property, etc., against Unionists in Texas.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<br />
<b>Many thanks again to the University of Oklahoma Press.</b><b><br /></b>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-68382222916600253002016-04-18T06:21:00.000-07:002016-04-18T06:21:22.085-07:00"Two If By Sea" - Old North Church (Boston #8/Pillars of the Earth #3)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipL69zyBIbuFdcX-ykk3vzbR87lZaOMUCeQewO4UduWC0bshDQ1COmJNap5a8xK37JvaFzoQKMNxSK9Ac7Zp2v-sezEnp05v6AzZueLO_6WFBEdxvmWsma5XNl-IlGvkcbo1LWfcX45ds/s1600/DSC02222.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipL69zyBIbuFdcX-ykk3vzbR87lZaOMUCeQewO4UduWC0bshDQ1COmJNap5a8xK37JvaFzoQKMNxSK9Ac7Zp2v-sezEnp05v6AzZueLO_6WFBEdxvmWsma5XNl-IlGvkcbo1LWfcX45ds/s400/DSC02222.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Old North Church and Paul Revere Statue - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>He said to his friend, “If the British march<br />By land or sea from the town to-night,<br />Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry-arch<br />Of the North-Church-tower, as a signal-light,--<br />One if by land, and two if by sea;<br />And I on the opposite shore will be,<br />Ready to ride and spread the alarm<br />Through every Middlesex village and farm,<br />For the country-folk to be up and to arm."</b></i></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<b>"Paul Reveres Ride"- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1860)</b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Happy Patriot's Day 2016! </span></b></div>
<br />
<b>This blog post is a two-for-one! First, a continuation of posts about my visit last summer to historic sites in Boston, and - second - a continuation of posts about historic churches I've visited.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Today's post is about an important, wonderfully preserved, and lovely historic site: "Old North Church" - or, more properly, "Christ Church in the City of Boston." It is most famous as the location from which the "One if by land, and two if by sea" signal was sent, on orders from Paul Revere, that the British were marching to Lexington and Concord by sea across the Charles River and not by land; it is also the oldest standing church building in Boston.</b><br />
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJGbHTiHBXILhAMbl6kPnSEpaF3jPPRTZME59YV7H1f0U__o9dYPEHXCIMUy9jtwuT_Xfv0eJfGYBIMDxxVhP9E2ElzExQcJOLZWMW7l5a8xwRt2_Sb10ARz3wvNG1EwKR4cdIGhlwJaQ/s1600/DSC02227.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJGbHTiHBXILhAMbl6kPnSEpaF3jPPRTZME59YV7H1f0U__o9dYPEHXCIMUy9jtwuT_Xfv0eJfGYBIMDxxVhP9E2ElzExQcJOLZWMW7l5a8xwRt2_Sb10ARz3wvNG1EwKR4cdIGhlwJaQ/s400/DSC02227.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Old North Steeple - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<b> The church is one of the most visited historic sites in Boston and sits in the wonderful "North End/Little Italy" section of the city.</b><br />
<br />
<b>It's also stop on the terrific <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/index.html" target="_blank">Boston Freedom Trail</a>. Of the 16 official sites on the trail, I managed to see 7 of them, and Old North was definitely one of my favorites among the sites I visited.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>From the Freedom Trail website description:</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeZKWrY-gRbguPbk38wrKqEb5vwYno0DHt0vWt7ElOvV2BACMDFyMTWk3AJM5ZdtdnLiqL4R1b8b9f8y3bmFLrrEoYvTGAAjNVY4XOsxMg8O2VL24K7FUPFDkfOeERox9YuTBWPKsQwA/s1600/DSC02195.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeZKWrY-gRbguPbk38wrKqEb5vwYno0DHt0vWt7ElOvV2BACMDFyMTWk3AJM5ZdtdnLiqL4R1b8b9f8y3bmFLrrEoYvTGAAjNVY4XOsxMg8O2VL24K7FUPFDkfOeERox9YuTBWPKsQwA/s400/DSC02195.JPG" width="367" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Plaque - Old North - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<i><b>Christ Church in the City of Boston, also known as Old North Church, is the <span style="font-size: small;">oldest standing church building in Boston</span>, having first opened its doors to worshippers on December 29, 1723. Its 191 foot steeple is the tallest in Boston and, because of its prominence, would play a dramatic role in the American Revolution and would be immortalized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.<br /><br />On April 18, 1775 Paul Revere met up with the sexton Robert Newman to tell him how to signal the advancement of British troops towards Lexington and Concord. Newman then met fellow Sons of Liberty Captain Pulling and Thomas Bernard. Leaving Bernard to keep watch outside, Newman opened the church and he and Pulling climbed the stairs and ladders up eight stories to hang two lanterns for a few moments. It was long enough for patriots in Charlestown to learn what has been immortalized by the phrase "one if by land, two if by sea" in Longfellow’s poem. The British were advancing by boat across the Charles River.</b></i><br />
<br />
<b><i>The famous Old North Church steeple has been blown down twice by hurricanes - once in 1804 and again in 1954. The Old North Church is still an active Episcopal congregation today.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>The church maintains a website <a href="http://oldnorth.com/" target="_blank">here</a> and I especially encourage you to the visit the blog <a href="http://oldnorth.com/old-north-blog/" target="_blank">here</a> which is updated frequently with items of historical interest. </b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49uFR-u6dNXRikXwx4ZXcjDJAyJix23gfEYnuE6MISCTHhJk5QN5_Bhoykg0recheQre5csp4zpG6zOgBKlO4NP8ixLdQ7OmZzND7lymEZFGw3nUiML2eyvatxHOxN7KsG__KeKCGAEI/s1600/DSC02197.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49uFR-u6dNXRikXwx4ZXcjDJAyJix23gfEYnuE6MISCTHhJk5QN5_Bhoykg0recheQre5csp4zpG6zOgBKlO4NP8ixLdQ7OmZzND7lymEZFGw3nUiML2eyvatxHOxN7KsG__KeKCGAEI/s400/DSC02197.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Interior - Old North Church - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>One of the most interesting features of the church to me were the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_pew" target="_blank">"box pews"</a> - I've been in several historic churches but had never seen this feature before. The pews have brass plaques with the dates and names of some of the original owners of the pews. The Old North church blog, mentioned above, has a series of posts - <a href="http://oldnorth.com/historic-site/this-old-pew/" target="_blank">"This Old Pew"</a> - discussing some of the previous owners.</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynDYBfefn4y1ImXFgbHo3tqP-yfcp0-q9xNLD61k8CQC-LjPibPWFCVQSMARxl9D6uVHve_K5gzJnJncjPjjRTqOveXRzkwY3miezPmZqJgdFrd2gormo4yQQ_mDCtPItlD5Wsc7VNeU/s1600/DSC02202.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynDYBfefn4y1ImXFgbHo3tqP-yfcp0-q9xNLD61k8CQC-LjPibPWFCVQSMARxl9D6uVHve_K5gzJnJncjPjjRTqOveXRzkwY3miezPmZqJgdFrd2gormo4yQQ_mDCtPItlD5Wsc7VNeU/s400/DSC02202.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Box Pew - Old North - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL0QZP4u8VeHRgQtNMrzfJM9C9G4z9RQg0qlFynNnHihwk1_ABw53nE1u_YX5Td14xT4fKrluQsrCW2WIGfPUiY_vfxEcNyEyekpCqbsxPaJyRf78haBX-GPdktV8KkKQ1ssBBalnPZUg/s1600/DSC02214.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL0QZP4u8VeHRgQtNMrzfJM9C9G4z9RQg0qlFynNnHihwk1_ABw53nE1u_YX5Td14xT4fKrluQsrCW2WIGfPUiY_vfxEcNyEyekpCqbsxPaJyRf78haBX-GPdktV8KkKQ1ssBBalnPZUg/s400/DSC02214.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Box Pew - Old North - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1uNPrFtOkgLLIjaqAQJXthF7uAsmmbTXLk_KBf6xcIWVchwSkDIgGlnYaTiQwvVhlviX5toSwm6W1Ga4S5kNd5N3G0FZgSvJU7ps4CQ6SBDS88SIuWMGxcCm2AE8MXzmfUKu92_I_38/s1600/DSC02204.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1uNPrFtOkgLLIjaqAQJXthF7uAsmmbTXLk_KBf6xcIWVchwSkDIgGlnYaTiQwvVhlviX5toSwm6W1Ga4S5kNd5N3G0FZgSvJU7ps4CQ6SBDS88SIuWMGxcCm2AE8MXzmfUKu92_I_38/s400/DSC02204.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>A view from the box pews as a docent kindly discusses the history of Old North - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Among the most interesting furnishings in the church are the so-called "Gruchy Angels" - from a <a href="http://oldnorth.com/2016/02/24/the-real-story-behind-thomas-gruchy-and-his-stolen-angels-part-1/" target="_blank">post</a> on the Old North blog:</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Perched upon the gallery railing in front of the oldest American-built pipe organ, high above the floor of Old North Church, there are four hand-carved angelic figures. They each stand about two feet tall and in a triumphant pose. Two of the angels blow trumpets, while the other two greet onlookers with open arms. These four figures are celebrated features of Old North, and a favorite among visitors and staff alike. The story surrounding the angels is well publicized, and in one visit to Old North, a guest will most assuredly hear it told by an educator. The short version, the version read in most guidebooks and told by most tour guides, is this: In 1746 the angels were captured from a French ship on its way to a Catholic church in Quebec, when the ship was intercepted by British privateer Thomas Gruchy, a member of Old North Church.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfC7MM5XcFqIAB753E2viuC1nFy2c7bydwK0cu-Gths-15gCAqv6kf90ynPYA2Y4hhJpG5IyTsH2rJEZkHHLKxZ4WCxiDY9nJQgyAyVIVcDj4oCcnVL_dvnR-Y5FR8ja0eNyseYYxpjxU/s1600/DSC02209.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfC7MM5XcFqIAB753E2viuC1nFy2c7bydwK0cu-Gths-15gCAqv6kf90ynPYA2Y4hhJpG5IyTsH2rJEZkHHLKxZ4WCxiDY9nJQgyAyVIVcDj4oCcnVL_dvnR-Y5FR8ja0eNyseYYxpjxU/s400/DSC02209.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Gruchy Angels - Old North - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB597AH0EqMVoYNjnPrpf3pcKoEbek9XMY2yIU-nwXGiDaMLBJ9s2BjsBuc1hHRENVIdDxHS0S0J8Pge7s7uHcwa2Gl6ER2TEmfW0SAZp6DbBg7gAm9dmAzPwluIZWjEh_u1g73e113yA/s1600/DSC02210.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB597AH0EqMVoYNjnPrpf3pcKoEbek9XMY2yIU-nwXGiDaMLBJ9s2BjsBuc1hHRENVIdDxHS0S0J8Pge7s7uHcwa2Gl6ER2TEmfW0SAZp6DbBg7gAm9dmAzPwluIZWjEh_u1g73e113yA/s400/DSC02210.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Gruchy Angels - Old North - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8JYUeIrDY4CeqJ7FLb0ay2qEhjdN_xBURWhheK3D0yYkLZWU-MPplsfQJhjE9Cjx8pZtLDRhyphenhyphenisyvi_9kCXkEeWUcQ1bFKWbHPCyi2bzuPfeHIE78S1CovGxCjcmkDrbmx6Mv7Pc8ts/s1600/DSC02207.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8JYUeIrDY4CeqJ7FLb0ay2qEhjdN_xBURWhheK3D0yYkLZWU-MPplsfQJhjE9Cjx8pZtLDRhyphenhyphenisyvi_9kCXkEeWUcQ1bFKWbHPCyi2bzuPfeHIE78S1CovGxCjcmkDrbmx6Mv7Pc8ts/s400/DSC02207.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Interior Detail Old North - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvffQidh2rKOAfzpviBlgldtdsHruEJk7FeH_rDNxy7v6y2Tbf9OsUjKoqwh-S0vdLH5w2TWhRFszFhCcIJLWFSFSOQ_8Ea3zPZ19r62rbmDFzg5DaT9zWY6Uw_xtH9c6BIZnt2dhe3U/s1600/DSC02208.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvffQidh2rKOAfzpviBlgldtdsHruEJk7FeH_rDNxy7v6y2Tbf9OsUjKoqwh-S0vdLH5w2TWhRFszFhCcIJLWFSFSOQ_8Ea3zPZ19r62rbmDFzg5DaT9zWY6Uw_xtH9c6BIZnt2dhe3U/s400/DSC02208.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>A look out a church window to Boston's famous "North End" - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ7noThyyv7K5Z6kh5zN2naaFm_shjGRluocMbPVbb4Mp7oriBBqArMMD_ivOCvPZwXSKZhAghtQKprfVOkzj2Q0mpP4VuU47goOH4O0y7W0EVrMMDWM_PGxles_G1iI3-w2H0S1EmPGI/s1600/DSC02218.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ7noThyyv7K5Z6kh5zN2naaFm_shjGRluocMbPVbb4Mp7oriBBqArMMD_ivOCvPZwXSKZhAghtQKprfVOkzj2Q0mpP4VuU47goOH4O0y7W0EVrMMDWM_PGxles_G1iI3-w2H0S1EmPGI/s400/DSC02218.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Rear of Old North Church - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<b> Adjacent to the church is the "Paul Revere Mall," which is home to what is "perhaps the most recognizable landmark in Boston," according to the <a href="http://www.publicartboston.com/" target="_blank">Boston Art Commission</a>. Per their <a href="http://www.publicartboston.com/content/paul-revere" target="_blank">website</a>:</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj_ChgWGsR8mcNvqW98TWocfRUGkLeHnfy4OCwqc1FTIATRk6LKLTVy25jnbJl_SQkhA4gMxpfMXyvhtvFAaD6db0nvOZs0N0OWNaJumBnLHPVeDeMTSp3RtWOXyS8-rcnP3gJyrteiRA/s1600/DSC02219.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj_ChgWGsR8mcNvqW98TWocfRUGkLeHnfy4OCwqc1FTIATRk6LKLTVy25jnbJl_SQkhA4gMxpfMXyvhtvFAaD6db0nvOZs0N0OWNaJumBnLHPVeDeMTSp3RtWOXyS8-rcnP3gJyrteiRA/s400/DSC02219.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Revere Statue - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Artist: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin" target="_blank">Cyrus Edwin Dallin</a><br />Location: Paul Revere Mall, between Hanover St. and Salem St.</b><br />
<b>Neighborhood: North End<br />Type: Sculpture<br />Year: 1940<br />Medium: Bronze and Granite<br /> </b><br />
<b>Description:<br /><br /><i>This statue of patriotic hero Paul Revere is perhaps the most recognizable landmark in Boston. Cyrus Edwin Dallin depicts Revere on his famous “midnight ride” of 1775, alerting his fellow colonists that the British army was moving toward Lexington, MA. Dallin emphasizes the urgency and energy of Revere’s mission through the posture of both the horse and its rider. Revere attempts to keep his balance as his horse abruptly halts, rearing back slightly. Dallin’s design also seems to recognize the presence of his viewers. Walk over to Revere’s right side, and you play the role of a colonist receiving his message...Although Dallin designed this sculpture for a competition in 1885, it was not cast in bronze until 1940. The statue’s installation was halted for several years, after another artist assailed Dallin’s winning submission, calling it unrealistic. In the 1930s, the Daughters of the American Revolution petitioned to have the commission completed.</i></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESLxH0VwfTttZQLUNXWoFlJq71q0DLWtQcJE0fHevZ6aA65TWuWBOkXQdAP6pCch-z_qHgXdxHfH2HDaKZMRGkZIgRc8AwvLwGeGxbYW72WkAnEZzJkSEGDDPiNSmusuuJGy8jBe-fm8/s1600/DSC02224.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESLxH0VwfTttZQLUNXWoFlJq71q0DLWtQcJE0fHevZ6aA65TWuWBOkXQdAP6pCch-z_qHgXdxHfH2HDaKZMRGkZIgRc8AwvLwGeGxbYW72WkAnEZzJkSEGDDPiNSmusuuJGy8jBe-fm8/s400/DSC02224.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Revere Statue - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02dfGJKYYDn6GLJXP9v8hMxGVILz49tgTRjQlCleUuW06ZSIymY_zH9xp3OBhm1VTiCG0jzCnDWNPXIdz_V9t5UW2GK_bhA3N6oY25irfodGdS6h_14ljpjaKjLGVlBhVcJS3dn1H1KM/s1600/DSC02223.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02dfGJKYYDn6GLJXP9v8hMxGVILz49tgTRjQlCleUuW06ZSIymY_zH9xp3OBhm1VTiCG0jzCnDWNPXIdz_V9t5UW2GK_bhA3N6oY25irfodGdS6h_14ljpjaKjLGVlBhVcJS3dn1H1KM/s400/DSC02223.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Revere Statue - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>If you have time, I recommend the material in the links below:</b><br />
<br />
<b>A <a href="http://www.yankeemagazine.com/explore-new-england/old-north-church#_" target="_blank">delightful article in <i>Yankee Magazine</i></a> (July 2015) by Aimee Seavey in which she describes her own visit to Old North - great insights into making plans for your own visit!</b><br />
<br />
<b>A short (2-min) YouTube video from VisitorsTVNetwork takes you up the steps of the steeple!<br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yCvqNvXQKRM" width="420"></iframe></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>While another takes you into the depths of the crypt! <br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j5yN3wKQIHE" width="420"></iframe></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>To learn more about Paul Revere and the "Midnight Ride," I highly recommend David Hackett Fischer's excellent book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paul-Reveres-David-Hackett-Fischer/dp/0195098315/" target="_blank"><i>Paul Revere's Ride</i></a> - you can read my 5-star amazon review <a href="http://www.amazon.com/review/R3QWQ9H05W271I/ref=cm_cr_rdp_perm?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0195098315" target="_blank">here</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>You may also like these other posts on this blog:<br /><br />Other Posts About Boston:<br />Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a><br />Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a><br />Boston #3 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">The Boston Massacre and the Old State House</a><br />Boston #4 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground</a><br />Boston #5 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank">Granary Burying Ground</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Boston #6 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-three.html" target="_blank">Gravestone Iconography in Boston's Historic Burying Grounds</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><b>Boston #7 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/04/trinity-church-work-of-civilization.html" target="_blank">Trinity Church</a></b> <br /><br />Other Posts About Historic Churches:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/pillars-of-earth-1-st-mary-aldermanbury.html" target="_blank">St. Mary Aldermanbury (originally London; now Fulton, MO)</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/04/trinity-church-work-of-civilization.html" target="_blank">Trinity Church (Boston) </a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2009/04/medical-department-24-historic-churches.html" target="_blank">Historic Churches of Fredericksburg (VA)</a></b></div>
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-77640887344079733432016-04-08T07:59:00.000-07:002016-04-08T07:59:32.507-07:00Trinity Church - "The Work of a Civilization" (Boston #7/Pillars of the Earth #2)<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>"This isn't just the work of an architect. This is the work of a civilization." -</b></i></span><b>- David McCullough, Pulitzer prize winning author, on Trinity Church </b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKa15CSsyVO3I33UjJqKXjldINaT0wlEyVkKZmBik-a6yg7FOErDpgFesjF9FHjub2n_na__1tGxLrGbwL6esvP_6wkc4FQNa1I88d2cLJlWmCaK0O7gC8Pwjwl77P2vG1H5ujkIeokvk/s1600/IMG_0859c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKa15CSsyVO3I33UjJqKXjldINaT0wlEyVkKZmBik-a6yg7FOErDpgFesjF9FHjub2n_na__1tGxLrGbwL6esvP_6wkc4FQNa1I88d2cLJlWmCaK0O7gC8Pwjwl77P2vG1H5ujkIeokvk/s400/IMG_0859c.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Exterior Detail - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b>There are hundreds of places of worship in Boston - some of them have importance in the role they played in American history: Old North, for example (a blog post coming soon!); also, the Charles Street Meeting House and African Meeting House, which are important sites on the <a href="http://www.afroammuseum.org/trail.htm" target="_blank">Black Heritage Trail</a> in Boston.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Another important church in Boston is <a href="http://trinitychurchboston.org/" target="_blank">Trinity Church</a> - famous for its attachment to a well-known preacher, a well-known architect, and for its status as a famous building in and of itself. Indeed, in 1885, architects voted Trinity the most important building in America. Over a hundred years later, the American Institute of Architects still ranks Trinity Church among the Top 10 - the only building (and only church) that remains from the original list. It was featured as <a href="http://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/trinity-church" target="_blank">#2 in a series on "Ten Buildings That Changed America.</a>"</b><br />
<br />
<b>I had the pleasure of visiting Trinity Church in August 2015.</b><br />
<br />
<b>If you have a four or five minutes, I highly recommend the short but superb video from PBS/WTTW that produced the "Ten Buildings" series mentioned above - it's a great introduction to the building, the architect (H. H. Richardson), and to Trinity's famed preacher (Phillips Brooks):</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/trinity-church" target="_blank"><img alt="http://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/trinity-church" border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5KMb6YTJUbK4wxvfgP1Lf-EbRnw3MGU0paA-7L4ZyAZRzJWBXZ16A6e5Z9-HsmH2rQj5D8jUwC0Zti8GAde-Uvjx1w_JfTHbvjBuE1R3OTvYz4n-RlYwojqRaJZJAiDkAURx9CSDrx1w/s400/trinity.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_kDv8T4D-LWlockleIk51V2BI3ljDYdSMAZUSHcPIROyVSXVJygbWSiMlZSf7y0KYyFpXzsDtpSjy7i0w_sEE4XKGlL7eyhliUOrevWR6-1f8WIYleay-g6t5PicU3EvPIfZujdOscI/s1600/IMG_0822c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_kDv8T4D-LWlockleIk51V2BI3ljDYdSMAZUSHcPIROyVSXVJygbWSiMlZSf7y0KYyFpXzsDtpSjy7i0w_sEE4XKGlL7eyhliUOrevWR6-1f8WIYleay-g6t5PicU3EvPIfZujdOscI/s400/IMG_0822c.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Reflection in John Hancock - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>The church sits on Copley Square in Boston's Back Bay, across the square from the famous Boston Public Library and flanked by the John Hancock Tower. The square is a busy place and visitors can view the impressive church from the outside - and its magnificent stonework and statuary - for free. A fee ($7.00) is charged for visiting the inside of the church and some of the text below is from the "Self-Guided Tour" booklet that they provide.</b><br />
<br />
<b>For me, the outside was mesmerizing with its Old-World stone-carvings and its "muscular" appearance.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Trinity Church is the birthplace of the "Richardsonian Romanesque" architectural style, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" target="_blank">Henry Hobson Richardson</a>. From the guide:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<i><b>Richardson was the first American architect to attract international attention. Trinity Church is the building that established his international reputation, and is considered his first major work..."Richardsonian Romanesque" is characterized by a clay tile roof, polychromy (use of several colors in an architectural decoration), rough-faced stone, heavy, rounded arches and a massive tower, all prominently featured at Trinity Church. Copied throughout America for the rest of the century, it was also the first American style to be widely imitated in Europe and Canada. Despite its origins in an ecclesiastical building, the Richardsonian Romanesque style soon became popular for use in structures serving all aspects of modern life, including railroad stations, libraries, and public utility buildings.</b></i><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdq6p3rEnxf6Ouxeo8YZ9byhkUdE64GykkR1VnDL_PtO7Nh2WEwIrPJSXWLNWUSPXBnbHXOQ6UFbFwaUHviZ0KKLFeYB1oiIXxNCs50K-jJnKOL4A6scieObQbaakF_4N3qxHH_C9CUA0/s400/IMG_0838c.jpg" width="321" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i>Richardson's buildings (the church and parish house) are the third home for Trinity Church. The current buildings were constructed under the leadership of Trinity Church's Rector, Phillips Brooks, one of the most renowned preachers of the 19th century. Inspired by their charismatic preacher, and responding to changes that were quickly transforming their formal residential neighborhood into a commercial center, in 1870 the parish voted to move from downtown Boston to the newly developing Back Bay and awarded Richardson the commission to design a bold new church.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>You can learn more about the <a href="http://blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/files/2012/12/MS-Typ-1097-42-.jpg" target="_blank">invitation to Richardson</a> and <a href="http://blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/files/2012/12/MS-Typ-1097-44.jpg" target="_blank">his first sketches</a> of the search in an excellent post (<a href="https://blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/2012/12/21/youve-got-mail-h-h-richardson-sketches-trinity-church/" target="_blank">here</a>) from the blog at Harvard University's Houghton Library.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9EPkSEkmK44SUIOwSXIu5cpMuVf4Tg__njcc7oDR72G-7M9enaV0CqVmqI2HMhePZi4AX-hNVVllX_zg7nZRbR2qqZIf7mZpe9sIbJGRCLuxSEQxvQGE-XyvoviqYOJ6RlBq2XOk6Ts/s1600/IMG_0834c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9EPkSEkmK44SUIOwSXIu5cpMuVf4Tg__njcc7oDR72G-7M9enaV0CqVmqI2HMhePZi4AX-hNVVllX_zg7nZRbR2qqZIf7mZpe9sIbJGRCLuxSEQxvQGE-XyvoviqYOJ6RlBq2XOk6Ts/s400/IMG_0834c.jpg" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Trinity Church - Boston - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEz8-hoY_wUp-eBSARUSfDQajq7t1mlGhLuWNrUdZ4sMeCkn0oSOWRMK1IquxhlrvOiXm_V9J9nyDUMGG8OqEtANX4e9xJjvrabCsm7G8WDb_qE1EBqqrABAWLO24kAyZ5U1TZh0gAPjM/s1600/trinity+loc.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEz8-hoY_wUp-eBSARUSfDQajq7t1mlGhLuWNrUdZ4sMeCkn0oSOWRMK1IquxhlrvOiXm_V9J9nyDUMGG8OqEtANX4e9xJjvrabCsm7G8WDb_qE1EBqqrABAWLO24kAyZ5U1TZh0gAPjM/s400/trinity+loc.png" width="350" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Trinity Church - c. 1900 - Library of Congress</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuKKP0hup_3erNzTbdhn12EcA6N1NVKD5zUfaU6U16oFaWzoswikjIj59yy0i6sLFsVAnmbKT_dCwwOBXdM0kswo0wf2UBF1eg9cyh9Mq-fkcU1crpoIgiWmdm-6dxlGJzB2xPbMn3Jc/s1600/IMG_0856b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuKKP0hup_3erNzTbdhn12EcA6N1NVKD5zUfaU6U16oFaWzoswikjIj59yy0i6sLFsVAnmbKT_dCwwOBXdM0kswo0wf2UBF1eg9cyh9Mq-fkcU1crpoIgiWmdm-6dxlGJzB2xPbMn3Jc/s400/IMG_0856b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Exterior Detail - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZXrnQUGpZ7lE0JoUEIftwEMNU8MXW_u8rUzduF3TKoFHSsFG1GczBSboNnaV0j9R43E39q5EYlzBMDwoIoS76xPrM2rXG0dueNpkj49KW65U9ee6V37BOp7ua6DoCw3DRrZ4xVpcHPk/s1600/IMG_0865b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZXrnQUGpZ7lE0JoUEIftwEMNU8MXW_u8rUzduF3TKoFHSsFG1GczBSboNnaV0j9R43E39q5EYlzBMDwoIoS76xPrM2rXG0dueNpkj49KW65U9ee6V37BOp7ua6DoCw3DRrZ4xVpcHPk/s400/IMG_0865b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Exterior Detail - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaqmgikNcGvGNywJCdQZAyX1EgYGLmeGnLfrJ0F1SGttBnleQrP0oQQLWzCII41E64D0QhbeHE5THSQE1M-64LtTTKxiyP7SSSCehiojJFmh7SzVcyVi7hqpz-qXkC3K56HnmE8xDVmm8/s1600/IMG_0861c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaqmgikNcGvGNywJCdQZAyX1EgYGLmeGnLfrJ0F1SGttBnleQrP0oQQLWzCII41E64D0QhbeHE5THSQE1M-64LtTTKxiyP7SSSCehiojJFmh7SzVcyVi7hqpz-qXkC3K56HnmE8xDVmm8/s400/IMG_0861c.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Exterior Detail - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRJlxdQT8eMR_5mng_iScz2wE_mLXwj_irR0tDliTKV9iL1DG61Avp9ZXXMbLv9nK3RIS_zH3BSNJ0p5S2p5Qv0PSdWZPRcGpV3_jq_cjfZgIJNzOAamrd5SFWH0T5nsU-nBcUHEbgx4/s1600/IMG_0867b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRJlxdQT8eMR_5mng_iScz2wE_mLXwj_irR0tDliTKV9iL1DG61Avp9ZXXMbLv9nK3RIS_zH3BSNJ0p5S2p5Qv0PSdWZPRcGpV3_jq_cjfZgIJNzOAamrd5SFWH0T5nsU-nBcUHEbgx4/s400/IMG_0867b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Exterior Detail - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8L7hkrDLAwIliBHrJcsm9NF_RmofchTzsqRtVAa2Z3pW6CerWtXBcFA0aylmXMN7z2cbhJ-tfRA3dJLVxlnMr6fa0uouDz1359b-Z2TWGwCYazh_wqTAhgLdZdc3OFtAUzHMXv_vOWA/s1600/IMG_0872b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8L7hkrDLAwIliBHrJcsm9NF_RmofchTzsqRtVAa2Z3pW6CerWtXBcFA0aylmXMN7z2cbhJ-tfRA3dJLVxlnMr6fa0uouDz1359b-Z2TWGwCYazh_wqTAhgLdZdc3OFtAUzHMXv_vOWA/s400/IMG_0872b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Exterior Detail - Porch - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjilaMSsjdO8ILwbfsIpkSqSdi6NHTJ9okZZYyGvcLfX1SRQ1GqR_tOc4QIDILbzPGv_8FxEi0Y_xKDKzXr2gJlRnICMFDK6wh2C83nrrado5My53JwGxX4NEk42vj7WIzbSAPnWxLXees/s1600/IMG_0863c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjilaMSsjdO8ILwbfsIpkSqSdi6NHTJ9okZZYyGvcLfX1SRQ1GqR_tOc4QIDILbzPGv_8FxEi0Y_xKDKzXr2gJlRnICMFDK6wh2C83nrrado5My53JwGxX4NEk42vj7WIzbSAPnWxLXees/s400/IMG_0863c.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Exterior Detail - Door - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>You can't visit Trinity Church without running into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" target="_blank">Phillips Brooks</a> - his visage is on the pulpit, a bust in the church, carving in the stone, and a statue outside. From the guide:</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Phillips Brooks (1835-1893) was one of the best known and most charismatic preachers of his generation, and served as Trinity's Rector from 1869-1891. Brooks vision of an intellectual honesty in Christianity continues to influence the Episcopal Church today. He is listed in the Anglican Church's Calendar of Commemorations with other Americans including Martin Luther King, Jr., and joining such luminaries as St. Paul, St. Peter, St. Claire and John Donne as examples of Christian living to inspire contemporary Christians.</i></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGXyf8_btS3Y3Q7Qq5uYqqQ9wzhXo-s3fRWHl9wuosrQYUbDqaJMVeIUMQrBjnRZdMLbBgwb9yaJfsysJxWGIazYxkEmcYASRqpjDr9ZEfksG45wu-0v0DPWKou6gfM-k7geIIS_WPpT8/s1600/IMG_0836b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGXyf8_btS3Y3Q7Qq5uYqqQ9wzhXo-s3fRWHl9wuosrQYUbDqaJMVeIUMQrBjnRZdMLbBgwb9yaJfsysJxWGIazYxkEmcYASRqpjDr9ZEfksG45wu-0v0DPWKou6gfM-k7geIIS_WPpT8/s400/IMG_0836b.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Exterior Detail - Phillips Brooks - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HSNOWkVBzuKggldDvQviZ2-GsnXzaeXbOJ6iQ6MGT8nyQ0Qk786yIuSeEHjm2pqhjD3R0RUFeXfgnxknc5ArEG9OCcw1jDaNgY4UPALk4LTn-27q84YB5YBueG27OHDx6lidzWRJOJA/s1600/1891-Reverend-Phillips-Brooks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HSNOWkVBzuKggldDvQviZ2-GsnXzaeXbOJ6iQ6MGT8nyQ0Qk786yIuSeEHjm2pqhjD3R0RUFeXfgnxknc5ArEG9OCcw1jDaNgY4UPALk4LTn-27q84YB5YBueG27OHDx6lidzWRJOJA/s400/1891-Reverend-Phillips-Brooks.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Phillips Brooks</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b>A statue of Phillips Brooks by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on the grounds of Trinity Church. Gaudens also crafted the memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts, featured ina previous blog post (<a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">here</a>).</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKG3fQX_fjr77NKFxtSVpzwLpCOUYAGRMjtNF_X6CjUu_Xj22STMEJ1gcL1o_KrFEd9XPDn8Eo-Bu6BW8tcaEy3-Pvsy0TgINj3gv3YWhQrLx_sI8lSryHx0dQd29n-9HZ-j8lU5Dv97c/s1600/IMG_0868c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKG3fQX_fjr77NKFxtSVpzwLpCOUYAGRMjtNF_X6CjUu_Xj22STMEJ1gcL1o_KrFEd9XPDn8Eo-Bu6BW8tcaEy3-Pvsy0TgINj3gv3YWhQrLx_sI8lSryHx0dQd29n-9HZ-j8lU5Dv97c/s400/IMG_0868c.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Phillips Brooks Statue - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_i9evrDOxgtBp-BFDDyzC3YJGJpURiLEdfr5y7kTyH7-erRA9wQMPUZziY2UbMFlwPjGw6lHilpcWjIlml48o9lAhQWZbuyv8GiFj4PWd5Mg7DdnBdSRvLY2oJKhWlejx6uA8QMWF1bQ/s1600/IMG_0869c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_i9evrDOxgtBp-BFDDyzC3YJGJpURiLEdfr5y7kTyH7-erRA9wQMPUZziY2UbMFlwPjGw6lHilpcWjIlml48o9lAhQWZbuyv8GiFj4PWd5Mg7DdnBdSRvLY2oJKhWlejx6uA8QMWF1bQ/s400/IMG_0869c.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Phillips Brooks Statue - Trinity Church - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<br />
<b>The inside has minimal artificial lighting and produces a fittingly solemn and quiet setting, even with the number of people touring the site. </b><br />
<br />
<b>Murals - from the guide:</b><br />
<br />
<i><b>The interior decoration of Trinity Church was one of the most ambitious commissions in America, both in scale and scope, aiming to integrate art and architecture into a unified whole. The murals were executed solely by American artists - over 21,500 square feet of painted decoration enrich Trinity's interior.</b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaonVcCrvFUlofL_y1WJ5D9q-VbTvoq6jnwdEuJx8R18nZS98lmt7Z9TlZ6LIZf03GEcRPVytXvzglViGGpih3Ahd-oqmMkAT6IraRZ2AMADZUnVfrylkqimyaZrg1k-Mz4ZjCDonkjhI/s1600/IMG_0845b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaonVcCrvFUlofL_y1WJ5D9q-VbTvoq6jnwdEuJx8R18nZS98lmt7Z9TlZ6LIZf03GEcRPVytXvzglViGGpih3Ahd-oqmMkAT6IraRZ2AMADZUnVfrylkqimyaZrg1k-Mz4ZjCDonkjhI/s400/IMG_0845b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw46POzt8Sdv4WfpLuHiycF4fsFZmwszLVJ9bNazFoPfL6nbhb2eFI-TH77uxBy4P0d1hlxdEig2c_1zX2ZfpTQ865DsfRcV4ESn4e1Cot4Tu2paRrnZcdpB3hsyOePJlRql_qvBEsg7I/s1600/IMG_0847b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw46POzt8Sdv4WfpLuHiycF4fsFZmwszLVJ9bNazFoPfL6nbhb2eFI-TH77uxBy4P0d1hlxdEig2c_1zX2ZfpTQ865DsfRcV4ESn4e1Cot4Tu2paRrnZcdpB3hsyOePJlRql_qvBEsg7I/s400/IMG_0847b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>The Pulpit - from the guide:</b><br />
<br />
<i><b>The pulpit was designed by Charles Coolidge, executed by John Evans, 1916. Figures include St. Paul, St. Chrysostom, Martin Luther, Hugh Latimer, and Phillips Brooks. </b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN6s9f_RZ36PsFyq9FJx-9nA6BQUM2lAOFkEgbntvLXPF1plnF92B5354LlQTmc0o-UDWE0xw7fY0a-VTVUz42poXENE-vZt1rvRmTj4ozHeQpsdfQF6RLbkB26i0uadTubErB5qkMloY/s1600/IMG_0842b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN6s9f_RZ36PsFyq9FJx-9nA6BQUM2lAOFkEgbntvLXPF1plnF92B5354LlQTmc0o-UDWE0xw7fY0a-VTVUz42poXENE-vZt1rvRmTj4ozHeQpsdfQF6RLbkB26i0uadTubErB5qkMloY/s400/IMG_0842b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>The Windows - adapted from the guide:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<i><b>Trinity's magnificent stained glass collection is one of the finest in the nation, with examples from most of the American and European stained glass studios of the nineteenth century, With one exception, the church contained only clear glass windows at its consecration in 1877. Twenty-four followed within five years; eight more followed soon after.</b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g25yNYWhlLgLOQfvE0I7cc7KP8jj5n2SlGUwEHMVSP2OHVSyzHMNxA_QPc8Bdq4yBAADHWejCAt3CcCULS2qKAcMiviLGC4CUVrvB8S5WD3htA-CqE3jM5NUnezMzWvG727Rzc3B934/s1600/IMG_0843c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g25yNYWhlLgLOQfvE0I7cc7KP8jj5n2SlGUwEHMVSP2OHVSyzHMNxA_QPc8Bdq4yBAADHWejCAt3CcCULS2qKAcMiviLGC4CUVrvB8S5WD3htA-CqE3jM5NUnezMzWvG727Rzc3B934/s400/IMG_0843c.jpg" width="343" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>You may also like these other posts on this blog:<br /><br />Other Posts About Boston:<br />Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a><br />Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a><br />Boston #3 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">The Boston Massacre and the Old State House</a><br />Boston #4 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground</a><br />Boston #5 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank">Granary Burying Ground</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Boston #6 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-three.html" target="_blank">Gravestone Iconography in Boston's Historic Burying Grounds</a><br /><br />Other Posts About Historic Churches:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/pillars-of-earth-1-st-mary-aldermanbury.html" target="_blank">St. Mary Aldermanbury (originally London; now Fulton, MO)</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2009/04/medical-department-24-historic-churches.html" target="_blank">Historic Churches of Fredericksburg (VA)</a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-40486551567334336042016-03-31T10:18:00.001-07:002016-03-31T10:18:29.933-07:00The "Dead Center" of Boston - Part Three (From Death's Heads to Soul Effigies) (Boston #6) <b>This is the third and final installment of a series of posts (Parts I and II <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank">here</a>) on Boston's historic burial grounds. The first two posts described Boston's oldest cemetery, King's Chapel, and third oldest, Granary. As promised in those first two, this third post takes a closer look at a couple of notable headstones in the King's Chapel Burying Ground and at some of the iconography on Puritan-Era headstones, with some recommendations for additional reading.</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC2Tba61cYIEmNSniYGzikCjk1_jjTjkcGQQr-Vw8WeBiul3zgiKftTaUeUCV4Zhs3QstyuFsqqCX4ow48QG1CkyIy6CRfxqP0Q1lLTiVSQYNeNKPK0eaqhrC9GhaVC_E6CfnZh-TH9ms/s1600/pain1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC2Tba61cYIEmNSniYGzikCjk1_jjTjkcGQQr-Vw8WeBiul3zgiKftTaUeUCV4Zhs3QstyuFsqqCX4ow48QG1CkyIy6CRfxqP0Q1lLTiVSQYNeNKPK0eaqhrC9GhaVC_E6CfnZh-TH9ms/s400/pain1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Elizabeth Pain - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>One of the more notable headstones in the King's Chapel Burying Ground is that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Pain" target="_blank">Elizabeth Pain</a> (c. 1652-1704). Many websites and travel guides declare that Pain's gravestone (and possibly her life story) was an inspiration for the character Hester Prynne in </b><b><b>Nathaniel Hawthorne's </b>novel <i>The Scarlet Letter</i>. </b><br />
<br />
<b>The final paragraph in the novel certainly paints a picture of a stone in the King's Chapel cemetery:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>"And, after many, many years, a new grave was delved, near an old and
sunken one, in that burial–ground beside which King’s Chapel has since
been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space
between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet
one tomb–stone served for both. All around, there were monuments carved
with armorial bearings; and on this simple slab of slate—as the curious
investigator may still discern, and perplex himself with the
purport—there appeared the semblance of an engraved escutcheon. It bore a
device, a herald’s wording of which may serve for a motto and brief
description of our now concluded legend; so sombre is it, and relieved
only by one ever–glowing point of light gloomier than the shadow:— 'ON A FIELD, SABLE, THE LETTER A, GULES.'"</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>Another prominent headstone is that of Joseph Tapping. Per the wayside marker at the cemetery:</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzbgxypetUS4FOk3EAb7vpGqyJCluZ3isdB1j9s26HMPZqnfyRIWMDXSWG6TM7UdKv5k3-V2ZLuyOnCQoOk2xWgFx-YCLvGrU0QvnAAVT8QBtsl5xv6Rs3zGno990uUSPtM8IImbp8Bew/s1600/tapping1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzbgxypetUS4FOk3EAb7vpGqyJCluZ3isdB1j9s26HMPZqnfyRIWMDXSWG6TM7UdKv5k3-V2ZLuyOnCQoOk2xWgFx-YCLvGrU0QvnAAVT8QBtsl5xv6Rs3zGno990uUSPtM8IImbp8Bew/s400/tapping1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Joseph Tapping - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><b>One of the first and most famous gravestones, visible upon entering the burying ground, is that of Joseph Tapping (d. 1678). The marker is famed as a work of art conceived by the unnamed carver known as “the Charlestown Stonecutter.” The stone is one of the most elaborate in the burying ground with beautifully carved symbolic images: the skull with wings represents the soul leaving the body, the hourglass represents time running out, the skeleton snuffing out the candle is Death ending life, and the bearded figure is Time attempting to stop Death. The stone’s Latin inscriptions refer to the quick passage of time and awareness of death’s inevitability. Little is known of Tapping, a Boston shopkeeper who died at the age of 23, leaving his young wife Marianna a widow.</b></i><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5_WY4qzlHRxNz5yobUuJvfGl6oxyi39xrx7McDZupierJ-YH8BDux1S0-7L2CkkkMuHed75TXz94y9KJ4sCmkgZVQZscbMEMOVAqHRbYOV8YkJPHv_NrzHpT7IfqO19k9gTsSr5tpNA/s1600/tapping3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5_WY4qzlHRxNz5yobUuJvfGl6oxyi39xrx7McDZupierJ-YH8BDux1S0-7L2CkkkMuHed75TXz94y9KJ4sCmkgZVQZscbMEMOVAqHRbYOV8YkJPHv_NrzHpT7IfqO19k9gTsSr5tpNA/s400/tapping3.JPG" width="326" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Joseph Tapping - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM3ALg7vpDyvpCw651wZh14m_KcdKdEnPYHWrGug_S8ys7ICZFIvFS993AARytN3PA5_dA4bsftk_GcrV68JitVqg_7Ro4pCrLhy8-C2z3nZgfE3AFmq_rcWtiF_Z_Oeso_AMq4pOzjwE/s1600/tapping5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM3ALg7vpDyvpCw651wZh14m_KcdKdEnPYHWrGug_S8ys7ICZFIvFS993AARytN3PA5_dA4bsftk_GcrV68JitVqg_7Ro4pCrLhy8-C2z3nZgfE3AFmq_rcWtiF_Z_Oeso_AMq4pOzjwE/s400/tapping5.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Joseph Tapping - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>After visiting some of Boston's historic burying grounds, I did some reading to learn more about the iconography and craftsmanship on early colonial/Puritan-era headstones. One of the best books I read was <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Graven%20Images:%20New%20England%20Stonecarving%20and%20its%20Symbols,%201650-1815" target="_blank"><i>Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and its Symbols, 1650-1815</i></a>, by Allen Ludwig (1966; reprint 2000). The book included some discussion on the Tapping stone, especially in terms of where New England stone-cutters obtained the inspiration for some of the artwork on Puritan-era headstones. Ludwig points out that they used "emblem books" and primers, and that the Tapping headstone is an excellent example of this use, as the famous image of </b><b>the skeleton and "Father Time</b>" <b>is adapted from a nearly-identical image in Frances Quarles' <a href="https://archive.org/details/francisquarlesem00quar" target="_blank"><i>Hieroglyphiques of the Life of Man</i></a>, printed in London in 1638:</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_hwUQZWwJ9ewUz2zD6Q7IEjX_XAmVLLf86ENB19xHNI2QF4fqbP07l19TmNWBXiTTQ_9yxd3S4ci3oK65IVgk2dJD8MemT1czI3-HdypBqGM4rY4ZZ1XYZ9Su7PQDux6z2Iu1CMTlxtU/s1600/tapping4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_hwUQZWwJ9ewUz2zD6Q7IEjX_XAmVLLf86ENB19xHNI2QF4fqbP07l19TmNWBXiTTQ_9yxd3S4ci3oK65IVgk2dJD8MemT1czI3-HdypBqGM4rY4ZZ1XYZ9Su7PQDux6z2Iu1CMTlxtU/s400/tapping4.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Joseph Tapping - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2tLlCMBXLv8xLBy3BqJs5LAkvgytrgRD2UwtA0P2PJiCpQ2Slb4r-_sDN2xVkP7jXymMX4GtQ-yfsNRb3xo-NLUtsuYaIOcp1Pi57xMrJRbrVxqmWgrBkBKxtGqB2cSLjVqxjeerWEg/s1600/tapping6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2tLlCMBXLv8xLBy3BqJs5LAkvgytrgRD2UwtA0P2PJiCpQ2Slb4r-_sDN2xVkP7jXymMX4GtQ-yfsNRb3xo-NLUtsuYaIOcp1Pi57xMrJRbrVxqmWgrBkBKxtGqB2cSLjVqxjeerWEg/s400/tapping6.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>"Time and Death" - Frances Quarles' <i>Hieroglyphiques of the Life of Man</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><b><b><b>The Pain and Tapping headstones also both employ the well-known "death's head" iconography of New England Puritan-era headstones. For modern sensibilities, the imagery seems macabre or "creepy," but that was not how it was perceived by the population in New England at that time. </b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b><b>Harriette M. Forbes researched New England gravestones and their creators, and wrote the book <i>Gravestones of Early New England and the Men who Made Them, 1653-1800</i> (1927). She concluded that "the gravestones of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries carried a message to the passerby both by the epitaphs and even more by the designs," and that the meanings could be categorized - with the death's head marking "</b></b></b></b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b>The certainty of death and warnings to the living." As time passed, the death's morphed into the "soul effigy," and eventually into other iconography such as the </b></b></b></b> urn and willow that are commonplace on Victorian-era markers.</b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><br /></b></b></b></b>
<b><b><b><b>Even more interesting is that the evolution of this iconography can be quantified in time and place as outlined in the groundbreaking studies of James Deetz and Edwin Dethlefsen, resulting in their fascinating and highly-readable scholarly paper, "Death’s Heads, Cherubs, and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries," published in <i>American Antiquity</i> in 1966 (full text <a href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/davidson/arch%20of%20death/Week%2013/Dethlefson%20&%20Deetz%201966.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>).</b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b><b>You can see that evolution throughout both the King's Chapel and Granary Burying Grounds and in some of the photographs I've shared in the past few posts - here are a few:</b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhehWFP3bWgnLL1nl9aaPjbli84BXd-4yTgknXOldCxQqyT6TMXjAQVGkjWEKnITd_YEbuMq6Cxj_XC2mAh77Su2sSAJLCmATrK12Q3O7cVadTQ6HPd7RmyR4sBbYNz8zWrQZt1XIixaDc/s1600/icon1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhehWFP3bWgnLL1nl9aaPjbli84BXd-4yTgknXOldCxQqyT6TMXjAQVGkjWEKnITd_YEbuMq6Cxj_XC2mAh77Su2sSAJLCmATrK12Q3O7cVadTQ6HPd7RmyR4sBbYNz8zWrQZt1XIixaDc/s400/icon1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj480Wj543XPoWnLbm1wXS4lnF-1F_3D7sg1sq74f2TDGJsz5Gd1iHh0nDizelrtz81ue0ko1yvEHTUPbLas4FRBiNmWlmVXK8-cPAAcXRfbA8TZup06Y5zxGh-xL5OaCCngLSNpdXLc_A/s1600/icon2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj480Wj543XPoWnLbm1wXS4lnF-1F_3D7sg1sq74f2TDGJsz5Gd1iHh0nDizelrtz81ue0ko1yvEHTUPbLas4FRBiNmWlmVXK8-cPAAcXRfbA8TZup06Y5zxGh-xL5OaCCngLSNpdXLc_A/s400/icon2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Granary Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsNXO8d13a2veH2My_pYvdniKzeYMH73xeqHdffgDdF2dj8BqBPNn7QPh3i_kXePNp1hcn90RC0nziQXo0WYRm6JDNIi-yZf6Gd8itRzfNtkZJLxeckESRoYgm-APTFNqGxMVkhjxzvs/s1600/icon3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsNXO8d13a2veH2My_pYvdniKzeYMH73xeqHdffgDdF2dj8BqBPNn7QPh3i_kXePNp1hcn90RC0nziQXo0WYRm6JDNIi-yZf6Gd8itRzfNtkZJLxeckESRoYgm-APTFNqGxMVkhjxzvs/s400/icon3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigb8hgX2p4IANi4rzUI2bXXkp9FGHEs54-wHUl8DOwGRnCkl582YpFN84x5VMWg2QYew2RvdA4VLXSEkjzmJkvRDfUoEou3uUfT9rfmARcjaawfOAsjmFSPfbi28-mkhPttEszPUa1JTU/s1600/icon4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigb8hgX2p4IANi4rzUI2bXXkp9FGHEs54-wHUl8DOwGRnCkl582YpFN84x5VMWg2QYew2RvdA4VLXSEkjzmJkvRDfUoEou3uUfT9rfmARcjaawfOAsjmFSPfbi28-mkhPttEszPUa1JTU/s400/icon4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnIU_CNU1aDfZd996csdUOGr28OUPPrXqznDz-px9KCqYy_IS41AeVnhtirVtsf5zVxWNft3dhJpoEmoMF2mCrGId0x9NWxN3bRetlHilFUeqUc12YcbwKjs3fJmnnpvhQbUl3LslVgVk/s1600/icon5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnIU_CNU1aDfZd996csdUOGr28OUPPrXqznDz-px9KCqYy_IS41AeVnhtirVtsf5zVxWNft3dhJpoEmoMF2mCrGId0x9NWxN3bRetlHilFUeqUc12YcbwKjs3fJmnnpvhQbUl3LslVgVk/s400/icon5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><b><b><b>You can see even more (thousands of examples!) at the excellent <a href="http://www.lunacommons.org/luna/servlet/view/all?sort=Name%2CDates%2CCity%2CStateOrProvince" target="_blank">Farber Gravestone Collection</a> at the American Antiquarian Society website - </b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><br /></b></b></b></b>
<b><b><b><b>Another very good book I read was <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sticks-Stones-Gravemarkers-Architecture-Decorative/dp/0807824178/" target="_blank"><i>Sticks and Stones: Three Centuries of North Carolina Gravemarkers</i></a> by M. Ruth Little (1998).</b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b><b>For a great study of Colonial-era cemeteries <i>without</i> this type of imagery (and why that is), I highly recommend Elizabeth A. Crowell's "Philadelphia Gravestones 1760-1820," in <i>Northeast Historical Archaeology</i> (Vol. 10, Issue 1, 1981), the full text of which is available <a href="http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=neha" target="_blank">here</a>.</b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><br /></b></b></b></b>
<b><b><b><b>You may also like these other posts on this blog:<br /><br /><u>Other Posts About Boston:</u><br />Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a><br />Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a><br />Boston #3 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">The Boston Massacre and the Old State House</a></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b>Boston #4 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground</a></b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b>Boston #5 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank">Granary Burying Ground</a></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b> </b></b></b></b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank"> </a><br /><u>Other Posts About Historic Cemeteries: </u> </b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-two.html" target="_blank">Granary Burying Ground - Boston</a></b></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b><b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground - Boston</a> </b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b>St. Louis Cemetery #1 - New Orleans, LA - My YouTube Video <a href="https://youtu.be/PzJJI7ZIVIw" target="_blank">here</a><br /><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-jewell-cemetery-state.html" target="_blank">Jewell Cemetery State Historic Site - Columbia, MO</a><br />Sunset Hills Cemetery - Boonville, MO - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-sunset-hills-boonville-mo.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/04/sunset-hills-cemetery-boonville-mo-part.html" target="_blank">here</a> <br />Galveston (TX) Cemeteries - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-10-walk-to.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-11-my-father.html" target="_blank">here</a> <br /><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/05/jefferson-city-mo-national-cemetery.html" target="_blank">Jefferson City (MO) National Cemetery </a> <br />Springfield (MO) National Cemetery - (blog posts <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_27.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_4649.html" target="_blank">here</a>)</b></b></b> </b>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-56599738407597606622016-03-21T08:57:00.000-07:002016-03-21T08:57:33.943-07:00The "Dead Center" of Boston - Part Two (Granary Burying Ground) (Boston #5) <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9we2EY5G6W7TZoBVp1hFGxVG_x4W23_hIKAL-v16UQgim8juuvHiBInnht8dXJlOpggCEN3tdar9H8p39LrODORyvqbeoERfIf1F0Wz71s2YYhNbulM5tyYbjOFj-8QxFbxsmjxvzsgY/s1600/granary1+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9we2EY5G6W7TZoBVp1hFGxVG_x4W23_hIKAL-v16UQgim8juuvHiBInnht8dXJlOpggCEN3tdar9H8p39LrODORyvqbeoERfIf1F0Wz71s2YYhNbulM5tyYbjOFj-8QxFbxsmjxvzsgY/s400/granary1+%25282%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Granary Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>In this second of three parts about historic Boston burial grounds (Part I, about "King's Chapel Burial Ground," is <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">here</a>), I share some general information and photos about Granary Burying Ground; the third post will have a little more "nitty gritty," with a focus on a few famous gravestones in the cemeteries, background on Puritan era gravestone craftsmanship and iconography, and some book and article recommendations.</b><br />
<br />
<b>From the wayside marker: </b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKNdEX_PVSZJOK6rFn9t-to0Qa0lkikxKvcZUf76k82rR0BAru-6U_2YvEC3KXGpEcmPgidUPOp4O6vop80xMbTyV1l77mLq5J2-ozHcg2zb_kboC3sJWWBTRlFB_7AMpPbiTF3k_Z5s/s1600/granary+loc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKNdEX_PVSZJOK6rFn9t-to0Qa0lkikxKvcZUf76k82rR0BAru-6U_2YvEC3KXGpEcmPgidUPOp4O6vop80xMbTyV1l77mLq5J2-ozHcg2zb_kboC3sJWWBTRlFB_7AMpPbiTF3k_Z5s/s400/granary+loc.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Granary Burying Ground - Library of Congress- c. 1900</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">This graveyard was started by Boston's town officials in 1660 because of overcrowding at the <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">"old burying ground" (King's Chapel</a>, one block away). Granary is Boston's third graveyard</span> and was referred to as the "New Burying Ground" or "South Burying Ground." Later it was called "Middle" or "Central" Burying Ground until it was named "Granary" after 1800. This name referred to the 12,000-bushel grain storage warehouse built in 1729 to provide food for the poor. The Granary building was moved to Dorchester in 1809 to make way for Park Street Church. It was originally a part of the Common at the very edge of 17th century Boston where the land rose steeply to three towering hills or "trimountain." Here, Boston Town put "noxious" buildings and activities they wanted away from the bustling harbor businesses, including the burying grounds, the almshouse or poorhouse, the prison, the cow pen, and the workhouse.<br /><br />The Granary Burying Ground today covers approximately two acres and contains 2,345 gravestones and 204 tombs. It is probable that more than 8,000 men, women, and children were buried here, the majority in the tombs that border the grounds. Many gravestones have decayed or have been lost. Granary was overcrowded by the 18th century, and burials outside of tombs were prohibited from 1856 on. The gravestone locations have been rearranged at least two times to accommodate pathways and landscaping, so many no longer mark the actual burial location. In 1840 Solomon Willard, sculptor and architect of the Bunker Hill Monument, designed Granary's Egyptian-style gateway.</i></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZqCiRcLeAZGzKqoexuPS_a52ybdHJ4yiRwcbKizqlu-k3gG7FcsMFz-mxTUQSLXvn9tECi11aZdzBXMBE_neN5LjN5Dc4uruoMHbFNhjeOyJorBf_b37QOCrYnF4BbpWMG0Dh2M7M55I/s1600/granary.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZqCiRcLeAZGzKqoexuPS_a52ybdHJ4yiRwcbKizqlu-k3gG7FcsMFz-mxTUQSLXvn9tECi11aZdzBXMBE_neN5LjN5Dc4uruoMHbFNhjeOyJorBf_b37QOCrYnF4BbpWMG0Dh2M7M55I/s400/granary.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Granary Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><b>You can get a quick tour watching the "Boston History in a Minute" video from <a href="http://www.yeoldetaverntours.com/" target="_blank">Ye Olde Tavern Tours</a>, below:</b></b><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/x1OnMCFr4Dc" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b><b>I didn't wander around the Granary Burying Ground as much as the King's Chapel Burying Ground as I was anxious to get started on my tour of the rest of the Freedom Trail, but it is the final resting place of some well-known patriots, so I made a point to find them, including Paul Revere, Sam Adams, the victims of the Boston Massacre (see my post on the Massacre <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">here</a>), John Hancock, and perhaps the most poignant that I saw: the marker for "Frank," a slave of Hancock's, who died in 1771.</b></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVg357xKMtar2YnyEZMrHACk2Ct6nAay0ltji6m3QlYIQKSR9bZqCwHjYJJzFzC9bcFEmL38qKKASlomwqQhgq3xiaKQ5NHDWaouU4GzO-UhosWvYP8-LBSofJ3sxlu3qInJPf0Qu-qsM/s1600/servantfrank.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVg357xKMtar2YnyEZMrHACk2Ct6nAay0ltji6m3QlYIQKSR9bZqCwHjYJJzFzC9bcFEmL38qKKASlomwqQhgq3xiaKQ5NHDWaouU4GzO-UhosWvYP8-LBSofJ3sxlu3qInJPf0Qu-qsM/s400/servantfrank.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Frank - A Servant to John Hancock - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7GK3sy2h5ubJ7I1Q-peBXDMAh9X__PGig6lRxL76FcI4SR3IVtqoAyOi8YZ8xOp2aGdoU-Dju0yvB9YR8ZR_SPmnufI9k0NS1wQ96aqa5bU0vyx79_jCRW4iqIN9W1qLtTX2Mm5iyHps/s1600/hancock.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7GK3sy2h5ubJ7I1Q-peBXDMAh9X__PGig6lRxL76FcI4SR3IVtqoAyOi8YZ8xOp2aGdoU-Dju0yvB9YR8ZR_SPmnufI9k0NS1wQ96aqa5bU0vyx79_jCRW4iqIN9W1qLtTX2Mm5iyHps/s400/hancock.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>John Hancock - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQcYikSViM8ziR86y6OISZbA2i-xC3bUh3tLEiDfPYla9p_WtwRBS_CM_C_Fswhx8YKd6i6s3efeUfcVSLsJntSuw0Dg-rIYWWq5d1C-xfH9POOQ6-F7t9YAiW700HtxtIRsC_7nPZwU/s1600/paulrevere.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQcYikSViM8ziR86y6OISZbA2i-xC3bUh3tLEiDfPYla9p_WtwRBS_CM_C_Fswhx8YKd6i6s3efeUfcVSLsJntSuw0Dg-rIYWWq5d1C-xfH9POOQ6-F7t9YAiW700HtxtIRsC_7nPZwU/s400/paulrevere.JPG" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Paul Revere - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LEsKJaAyaaStn06JbNXOyprdObTFkjFSmMlHmZKfIKUZWi8MaNo17JP_TeFNEOqckHM8UNj6h8oY2UDZ2Y5LpCat1NQViYxW93TZI3FZ26D1TymVIJIFNK8X9fnZti5XgE7oE-JbwAQ/s1600/samadams1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LEsKJaAyaaStn06JbNXOyprdObTFkjFSmMlHmZKfIKUZWi8MaNo17JP_TeFNEOqckHM8UNj6h8oY2UDZ2Y5LpCat1NQViYxW93TZI3FZ26D1TymVIJIFNK8X9fnZti5XgE7oE-JbwAQ/s400/samadams1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Samuel Adams - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipzTmwaQbR-ckwODZAfXUapjKiBuyKHRgepdbgZdknBOfixMkLKA6Z7EsJ645t1r92BI3dG3yha3Y5OjcddY8JVcZ7JdQF1hiAdro5lZbRHN4xATLzF4K1vMCiC4VY1lGGAcoJC6co4FM/s1600/bostonmassacre.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipzTmwaQbR-ckwODZAfXUapjKiBuyKHRgepdbgZdknBOfixMkLKA6Z7EsJ645t1r92BI3dG3yha3Y5OjcddY8JVcZ7JdQF1hiAdro5lZbRHN4xATLzF4K1vMCiC4VY1lGGAcoJC6co4FM/s320/bostonmassacre.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Victims of the Boston Massacre - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></b></div>
<br />
<b><b><b><b>Given it's age and historical importance, it's not surprising that
the cemetery has attracted many visitors, and it has been the subject of
several guidebooks,including this interesting one from 1902:</b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="430" mozallowfullscreen="true" src="https://archive.org/stream/historicalsketch00bos?ui=embed#mode/2up" webkitallowfullscreen="true" width="480"></iframe> </b></b></b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b>You may also like these posts on this blog:<br /><br /><u>Other Posts About Boston:</u><br />Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a><br />Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a><br />Boston #3 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">The Boston Massacre and the Old State House</a></b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b>Boston #4 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground</a><br /><br /><u>Other Posts About Historic Cemeteries: </u> </b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b>King's Chapel Burying Ground - Boston - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-dead-center-of-boston-part-one.html" target="_blank">here</a> </b></b></b><br />
<b><b><b>St. Louis Cemetery #1 - New Orleans, LA - My YouTube Video <a href="https://youtu.be/PzJJI7ZIVIw" target="_blank">here</a><br /><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-jewell-cemetery-state.html" target="_blank">Jewell Cemetery State Historic Site - Columbia, MO</a><br />Sunset Hills Cemetery - Boonville, MO - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-sunset-hills-boonville-mo.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/04/sunset-hills-cemetery-boonville-mo-part.html" target="_blank">here</a> <br />Galveston (TX) Cemeteries - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-10-walk-to.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-11-my-father.html" target="_blank">here</a> <br /><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/05/jefferson-city-mo-national-cemetery.html" target="_blank">Jefferson City (MO) National Cemetery </a> <br />Springfield (MO) National Cemetery - (blog posts <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_27.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_4649.html" target="_blank">here</a>)</b></b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-68211685748004080562016-03-14T10:07:00.001-07:002016-03-14T10:07:48.712-07:00The "Dead Center" of Boston - Part One (King's Chapel Burying Ground) (Boston #4)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj23X-fub-1JO3_QDw8ubiv7YREX260KZSgEeiSEt6vE7R9jBN5ay2-nZSPyi2JE1zvqsbejyH0ZBdr1ZhtSvPO39DzKpMEh38Ki7m8KssMlb5nn1exajzmEIcoynpGvtY3UcAhvxtP07U/s1600/kings+chapel.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj23X-fub-1JO3_QDw8ubiv7YREX260KZSgEeiSEt6vE7R9jBN5ay2-nZSPyi2JE1zvqsbejyH0ZBdr1ZhtSvPO39DzKpMEh38Ki7m8KssMlb5nn1exajzmEIcoynpGvtY3UcAhvxtP07U/s400/kings+chapel.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b>Regular readers of this blog will know that I enjoy visiting historic cemeteries (see a list of previous posts on historic cemeteries at the end of this post). I had the good fortune to visit two very historic cemeteries - the oldest cemeteries I've visited to date, in fact - when I was in Boston late last summer: <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/granary-burying-ground.shtml" target="_blank">Granary Burying Ground</a> and <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/kings-chapel-burying-ground.shtml" target="_blank">King's Chapel Burying Ground</a>, both of which are stops on Boston's <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/index.html" target="_blank">Freedom Trail</a>.</b><br />
<br />
<b>In this first of three parts, I'll share some general information about King's Chapel Burying Ground and some photos; in the second post, I'll do the same for Granary Burying Ground; the third post will have a little more "nitty gritty," with a focus on a few famous gravestones in the cemeteries, background on Puritan era gravestone craftsmanship and iconography, and some book and article recommendations.</b><br />
<br />
<b>"King's Chapel Burying Ground" takes its name from the church - "King's Chapel" - that adjoins the ground, but it is not officially associated with the church. From the Freedom Trail website:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpu30uGJdKOhLQFK_pFcN4RBZmTUf2Q3emKwzHxE5yPgHua9ohK5Uqhp_YvkBJtX8rHVfxyLrAFc_BnRS1UjoJKfbR_P78KEie-ifGUSHZTDxpwvar8UCwsXNNj4O5sQJZybTeSNgoEjM/s1600/king%2527s+chapel+archive.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpu30uGJdKOhLQFK_pFcN4RBZmTUf2Q3emKwzHxE5yPgHua9ohK5Uqhp_YvkBJtX8rHVfxyLrAFc_BnRS1UjoJKfbR_P78KEie-ifGUSHZTDxpwvar8UCwsXNNj4O5sQJZybTeSNgoEjM/s320/king%2527s+chapel+archive.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel - c. 1900 - Library of Congress</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><b>In 1688, Royal Governor Andros directed that King’s Chapel be built on a town burying ground when no one in the city would sell the congregation desirable land on which to build a non-Puritan church. This first structure was a small wooden chapel used by a small but growing Anglican community in Boston. By 1749, the building was too small for the congregation, which had grown to include a number of prominent merchants and their families. The present granite structure was built around the original wooden chapel, which was then removed through the windows of the new construction and rebuilt as an Anglican chapel in Nova Scotia.</b></i><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zaq9xAeskQTflkEpSA8qs7m91YBT0YAiwZ-bRikYs6S6aGg6A871VQKljjuHI_hScNlu5W21lZd08HUNfiJ9EDEvHXNkZ_VUoq-F1j-4muOk_kH-8p7HWqpgC-Homj4Ux-EvGVpE2Uk/s1600/DSC02257b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zaq9xAeskQTflkEpSA8qs7m91YBT0YAiwZ-bRikYs6S6aGg6A871VQKljjuHI_hScNlu5W21lZd08HUNfiJ9EDEvHXNkZ_VUoq-F1j-4muOk_kH-8p7HWqpgC-Homj4Ux-EvGVpE2Uk/s400/DSC02257b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel - Boston - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>From the wayside marker at the cemetery:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMT1Fw9coMnGnH2WoGpnHIN7c-vRVRTaLCRdTDN4QcKysri36OZ6ZhZ8AB3btFg_4RfSN7AQHiAauPl86SwLus2RE-w2R5jsXQFFaghmGo5czrT6KQNbWnhDkWw7rqSCIrQ41aIZqazwQ/s1600/King%2527s_Chapel%252C_Boston%252C_1833.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMT1Fw9coMnGnH2WoGpnHIN7c-vRVRTaLCRdTDN4QcKysri36OZ6ZhZ8AB3btFg_4RfSN7AQHiAauPl86SwLus2RE-w2R5jsXQFFaghmGo5czrT6KQNbWnhDkWw7rqSCIrQ41aIZqazwQ/s400/King%2527s_Chapel%252C_Boston%252C_1833.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>From <i>A History of King's Chapel, in Boston: The First Episcopal Church in New England</i> (1833)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">This is Boston’s oldest burying ground</span>, established in 1630 on what were then the outskirts of the new Puritan settlement. It was first called simply “the burying place” and, when Copp’s Hill Burying Ground opened, “the old burying place.” After 1760 it started to be called “the Chapel Burying Ground,” using the name of its neighbor, King’s Chapel, even though it has never been affiliated with that or any church. Those buried here in the first thirty years were predominantly English-born immigrants who came to the “New World” seeking religious freedom and new economic opportunity. Today there are approximately 600 gravestones and 29 tabletop tombs left to mark the more than 1,000 people buried in this small space.<br /><br />When Boston opened additional burying grounds after 1660, town selectmen passed ordinances barring burials at the Old Burying Ground. However, because of a rapidly expanding population, burials took place in the graveyard until around 1896. The burying ground was first fenced in 1642. As its boundaries changed, new fences were constructed over the next two centuries. The current fence along Tremont Street was built in 1854. The subway ventilation shaft in the southwest corner was built in 1896 when Boston’s subway system became the first in the country. The human remains from disturbed graves were reburied in another part of the burying ground.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>You can get a quick tour watching the "Boston History in a Minute" video from <a href="http://www.yeoldetaverntours.com/" target="_blank">Ye Olde Tavern Tours</a>, below:<i><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/791MnKvEfoU" width="560"></iframe></i></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPou89RAUihIKzn22dQhs9Z3qb8QxfHeA1j0JoOcNnbXemI_PlQXNp8Zf39_mVx1riUWveBGsBCSbGi0oUzREIBSKCj2HJyiNemJeH1Z8r7ez7ihd1YgcYHWDrfUxyNpPUGVDl1Kxlrx0/s1600/DSC02149b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPou89RAUihIKzn22dQhs9Z3qb8QxfHeA1j0JoOcNnbXemI_PlQXNp8Zf39_mVx1riUWveBGsBCSbGi0oUzREIBSKCj2HJyiNemJeH1Z8r7ez7ihd1YgcYHWDrfUxyNpPUGVDl1Kxlrx0/s400/DSC02149b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6v40mWJxoEYeqG5DBhhIj-lXicnIgGOzXffOP9PDmDOLkhONloMEJfGt2qX-VYRFEmMuu7XY-eurZD4G-QVb0AIk3b0QsknjELotwk0SRAgO6OUb2D6aO5QdjPkEzEGm25mUmSvH9Lk/s1600/winthrop.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6v40mWJxoEYeqG5DBhhIj-lXicnIgGOzXffOP9PDmDOLkhONloMEJfGt2qX-VYRFEmMuu7XY-eurZD4G-QVb0AIk3b0QsknjELotwk0SRAgO6OUb2D6aO5QdjPkEzEGm25mUmSvH9Lk/s400/winthrop.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Winthrop Family - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop" target="_blank">John Winthrop</a> (12 January 1587/88 – 26 March 1649) - a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXta8WfxU6LvaKco5vL4lOlabQC4TY-SdH7WamyO09bUYe7P5_41t9CSnEOKPh7upAIhLBwO2oKQk02_cuk3xmzbWt__Xy06jWyjCeTdJGIQsDJzUmEwmOf1gR1j4cVXWQ0Wa06qKZ84Q/s1600/kc+clap3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXta8WfxU6LvaKco5vL4lOlabQC4TY-SdH7WamyO09bUYe7P5_41t9CSnEOKPh7upAIhLBwO2oKQk02_cuk3xmzbWt__Xy06jWyjCeTdJGIQsDJzUmEwmOf1gR1j4cVXWQ0Wa06qKZ84Q/s400/kc+clap3.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Capt. Roger Clap - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>The marker of Captain Roger Clap (ca. 1609-1690/91), who was born in Exeter, Devonshire, England. In his <i>Memoir</i> he wrote <i>“So, God brought me out of Plymouth [England] the 20th of March, in the year 1629/30, and landed me in health at Nantasket on the 30th of May, 1630, I being about the age of twenty-one years.”</i> He came on the ship <i>Mary and John</i> as part of the Winthrop fleet. He settled in Dorchester with his wife Joanna (Ford) Clap (d. 1695) and was a farmer and soldier. In 1665 he was appointed Captain of the Castle, the fort protecting Boston on Castle Island. He resigned in 1686 rather than serve under Governor Andros. He and his wife then moved to Boston where he died at the age of 82.</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpO7i1VJ-9RyEMI8oDlTFoGuHnKrR5FiISA9vHDHhc1DW-yXeY2L_kgklt7e-UiwwzX7L3J_q5044auV4IeN9sdq2K_sK0BUFxhQfoBsMPlDhNC0wsK8N4KD3K5z4c9fmJ8l92z2OYqp4/s1600/kings+chapel4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpO7i1VJ-9RyEMI8oDlTFoGuHnKrR5FiISA9vHDHhc1DW-yXeY2L_kgklt7e-UiwwzX7L3J_q5044auV4IeN9sdq2K_sK0BUFxhQfoBsMPlDhNC0wsK8N4KD3K5z4c9fmJ8l92z2OYqp4/s400/kings+chapel4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>"Soul Effigy" Motif - King's Chapel - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>There is a remarkable diversity of <a href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/hbgi/iconography.asp" target="_blank">iconography on the Puritan-era headstones</a> in King's Chapel Burying Ground - from "death's heads" of Clap's above to winged "soul effigies," as in this example. In Part III of this series, I'll discuss the iconography and feature some well-known gravestones from King's Chapel Burying Ground with some terrific Puritan-era iconography, including Elizabeth Pain's (thought to be an inspiration for Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter) and Joseph Tapping's (considered the finest example of Puritan headstone craftsmanship in Boston).</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_VNG0Vc2twHrxbRTKoMiBL4CL2rrMyKe5slVcTJ9YK9QtCWU_c6a7fEeVPphCpymNsbZL5UxjEpBUEx1O84PRR0CEiZH5E5HWXgCtzZfludy9cd8hfN4YxP_CpYughXdTW1jS_CNJf8/s1600/DSC02253b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_VNG0Vc2twHrxbRTKoMiBL4CL2rrMyKe5slVcTJ9YK9QtCWU_c6a7fEeVPphCpymNsbZL5UxjEpBUEx1O84PRR0CEiZH5E5HWXgCtzZfludy9cd8hfN4YxP_CpYughXdTW1jS_CNJf8/s400/DSC02253b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KEVZHUcPHbVhmjI2y6XWdl7f9sCgXjYNNFfiPkelE842SX-s4LQNX7PUHrvmW3-63tyJ7IQz00rFwC88JEdIq608Zl_z_JMjU8cr4NRFL0_dQgA39SYRb3-pqt08U-ERxTJ2a_xCDnk/s1600/DSC02255b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KEVZHUcPHbVhmjI2y6XWdl7f9sCgXjYNNFfiPkelE842SX-s4LQNX7PUHrvmW3-63tyJ7IQz00rFwC88JEdIq608Zl_z_JMjU8cr4NRFL0_dQgA39SYRb3-pqt08U-ERxTJ2a_xCDnk/s400/DSC02255b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>King's Chapel Burying Ground - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b></b>
<b>Given it's age and historical importance, it's not surprising that the cemetery has attracted many visitors, and it has been the subject of several guidebooks,including this interesting one from 1853:</b><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="430" mozallowfullscreen="true" src="https://archive.org/stream/memorialsofdeadi00brid_0?ui=embed#mode/2up" webkitallowfullscreen="true" width="480"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b>You may also like these posts on this blog:</b><br />
<br />
<u><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Other Posts About Boston:</b></span></u><br />
<b>Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a></b><br />
<b>Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a></b><br />
<b>Boston #3 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-incident-on-king-street-aka-boston.html" target="_blank">The Boston Massacre and the Old State House</a></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>Other Posts About Historic Cemeteries:</b> </u></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <b>St. Louis Cemetery #1 - New Orleans, LA - My YouTube Video <a href="https://youtu.be/PzJJI7ZIVIw" target="_blank">here</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-jewell-cemetery-state.html" target="_blank">Jewell Cemetery State Historic Site - Columbia, MO<b></b></a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><b></b><b>Sunset Hills Cemetery - Boonville, MO - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/taphophilia-sunset-hills-boonville-mo.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/04/sunset-hills-cemetery-boonville-mo-part.html" target="_blank">here</a></b><b> </b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><b>Galveston (TX) Cemeteries - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-10-walk-to.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/01/galveston-research-summary-11-my-father.html" target="_blank">here</a></b><b> </b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/05/jefferson-city-mo-national-cemetery.html" target="_blank"><b>Jefferson City (MO) National Cemetery</b></a> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Springfield (MO) National Cemetery - (blog posts <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_27.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2007/11/here-rests-in-honored-glory-springfield_4649.html" target="_blank">here</a>) </b></span><br />
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-52739433563884226092016-03-04T09:27:00.001-08:002016-03-04T09:27:38.377-08:00"The Incident on King Street" (aka The Boston Massacre) (Boston #3)<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">"This night. The 29th Regimt on Duty. A Quarrell between the soldiers and Inhabitants - The Bells Rung -- A Great Number Assembled in Kingstreet -- A Party of the 29th under the Command of Capt Preston fird on the People they killed five -- wounded Several Others-- particularly Mr. Edw Payne in his Right Arm, -- Capt Preston Bears a good Character-- he was taken in the night and Committed also Seven more of the 29th</span>--<span style="font-size: large;"><u>the Inhabitants are greatly enraged and not without Reason</u>."</span></i> - <a href="http://www.masshist.org/database/552?ft=Boston%20Massacre&from=/features/massacre/initial&noalt=1&pid=34" target="_blank">Diary of John Rowe</a>, 5 March 1770 (Massachusetts Historical Society)</b><br />
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdJ9Jhausj1W6SscDeQjIvc_k001GLKTvT2Jpbuxh8-RrOgoJKRoAKO3Fw7JYbJkNBNYetg3P6Md6WbJtkU6uuuZI-41V_bcesfu2HuAQVXMAUYEpWpR7QC3POBTP3KNC25OxjuzDYZ0/s1600/DSC02248b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdJ9Jhausj1W6SscDeQjIvc_k001GLKTvT2Jpbuxh8-RrOgoJKRoAKO3Fw7JYbJkNBNYetg3P6Md6WbJtkU6uuuZI-41V_bcesfu2HuAQVXMAUYEpWpR7QC3POBTP3KNC25OxjuzDYZ0/s400/DSC02248b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Site of the Boston Massacre - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<b>Tomorrow - March 5, 2016 - is the 246th anniversary of "The Boston Massacre" - also known as "The Incident on King Street" and other monikers ("State Street Massacre," as an example). In my continuing series on sites I visited on a trip to Boston late last summer, I'm pleased to add two more in this post: <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/boston-massacre.shtml" target="_blank">"The Site of the Boston Massacre"</a> and <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/old-state-house.shtml" target="_blank">"The Old State House."</a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Both are sites on Boston's excellent <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/index.html" target="_blank">"Freedom Trail"</a> and sit within yards of each other.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Today, a ring of stones marks the site of the Boston Massacre and <a href="http://boston1775.blogspot.com/2016/02/commemorating-fifth-of-march-5-mar.html" target="_blank">reenactments hosted by the Bostonian Society</a> take place on the anniversary every year. </b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4p4jAmgqjNyJE-NWRetQ-UDVn3hlA1UGb8rVxvi_jUlq8Cdakc6PUjy9MriWErJolKlZ10YvHQ04Y6kU5agbuRc6HJpHbn7iRp-Wp_wFseAHMyO62zBr41VYXquRCIiXLyVovFZDV3FU/s1600/DSC02252.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4p4jAmgqjNyJE-NWRetQ-UDVn3hlA1UGb8rVxvi_jUlq8Cdakc6PUjy9MriWErJolKlZ10YvHQ04Y6kU5agbuRc6HJpHbn7iRp-Wp_wFseAHMyO62zBr41VYXquRCIiXLyVovFZDV3FU/s400/DSC02252.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Site of the Boston Massacre - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>The marker has an interesting history itself: <a href="http://historyofmassachusetts.org/boston-massacre-site-gets-a-makeover/" target="_blank">it's been moved several times over the years</a> to accommodate traffic patterns and construction projects.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Also, while in Boston, I visited the <a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/granary-burying-ground.shtml" target="_blank">"Granary Burying Ground"</a> (I'll be doing a post on that site in the near future) - the cemetery is the final resting place of the victims of the Boston Massacre:</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbzpvbHGGPU5Vlx91MSGmwMRrAQBVYqjwUdon12czBHyOqzH_lT2sUmeEKjDZb5BGRxZ6tXrSPbgNoyOd9BrU6Hmuut9SwnAn5MYCRpNUWUC9M8LENMvSqC4u245QfvSz0OQWwL5TSGY/s1600/DSC02168b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbzpvbHGGPU5Vlx91MSGmwMRrAQBVYqjwUdon12czBHyOqzH_lT2sUmeEKjDZb5BGRxZ6tXrSPbgNoyOd9BrU6Hmuut9SwnAn5MYCRpNUWUC9M8LENMvSqC4u245QfvSz0OQWwL5TSGY/s400/DSC02168b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Grave site of Boston Massacre Victims - Photo of Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>In my increased reading on the Colonial/Revolutionary Era, including the Boston Massacre, I've come across three great resources:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>First - the Massachusetts Historical Society - they have a great <a href="https://www.masshist.org/revolution/massacre.php" target="_blank">launch page</a> about the Boston Massacre with links to <a href="https://www.masshist.org/revolution/resources/masterlist.php" target="_blank">a lot of terrific primary material in their collections</a></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Next - J. L. Bell's <a href="http://boston1775.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Boston </a><a href="http://www.boston1775.net/" target="_blank">1775 website</a> - which has quickly become one of my favorites - he has <a href="http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Boston%20Massacre" target="_blank">more than 130 tagged posts on the Massacre</a> (and counting) - check out his <a href="http://boston1775.blogspot.com/2016/03/three-persons-which-i-saw-lay-on-snow.html" target="_blank">most recent posts</a> (he's always active around the anniversary) which have some great information.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Finally - I've just finished reading Richard Archer's <a href="http://www.amazon.com/As-Enemys-Country-Occupation-Revolution/dp/0195382471/" target="_blank"><i>As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution</i></a> (Oxford University Press, 2010) - a really good book about the civil (and not-so-civil) disobedience among the citizens of Boston that led to the occupation of the city in 1768 and (owing to increased animosity between the citizens and occupying soldiers) to the Massacre in March 1770. You can see my amazon review of the book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/review/R1VZORMTJARCN/ref=cm_cr_rdp_perm?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0195382471" target="_blank">here</a>.</b><br />
<br />
<b> And now for the Old State House, near which the Boston Massacre took place!</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidky_TQbIS1-AMq876ZiI2JLPnhOIg4IzWKY3nF7r9ctYceo_G6E9xeyCKLGYNxQ9hHWGipygBiJBlMR4kTxTitW7H3xRqpj1RhkPjylV018Q-xi9CFDOfKQCmDmQZUIQs0BJXXzfspnM/s1600/revere+massacre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidky_TQbIS1-AMq876ZiI2JLPnhOIg4IzWKY3nF7r9ctYceo_G6E9xeyCKLGYNxQ9hHWGipygBiJBlMR4kTxTitW7H3xRqpj1RhkPjylV018Q-xi9CFDOfKQCmDmQZUIQs0BJXXzfspnM/s320/revere+massacre.jpg" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/road-revolution/resources/paul-revere%E2%80%99s-engraving-boston-massacre-1770" target="_blank">Paul Revere Engraving - <span class="first">Gilder Lehrman Institute</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>There is a classic Paul Revere engraving of the Boston Massacre, styled "The Bloody Massacre in King-Street, March 5, 1770." In fact, Revere "borrowed" the engraving from artist Henry Pelham, who created the first illustration of the episode—and who was neither paid nor credited for his work.</b><br />
<br />
<b>In the center background one sees a prominent building - the "Old State House." From the Freedom Trail website:</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>The Old State House has stood as an emblem of liberty in Boston for over 300 years! Built in 1713 to house the colony’s government, the Old State House was at the center of civic events that sparked the American Revolution. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was first read to the people of Boston from the Old State House balcony, and the building became home to the newly-formed government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b><i> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNrjA9_QGSWIldrI6v5EUyUdVJEVpN41HwinQCRWMdHFBWNqjVpkU_Z1u-e0JI2QTIcKg35WPXNQpEFM_5gn-0iFICz5yt-hAZqTqGaasNYgQU96u2L5h1HYaN2VCtev8nFP5B0S62PY/s1600/DSC02242b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNrjA9_QGSWIldrI6v5EUyUdVJEVpN41HwinQCRWMdHFBWNqjVpkU_Z1u-e0JI2QTIcKg35WPXNQpEFM_5gn-0iFICz5yt-hAZqTqGaasNYgQU96u2L5h1HYaN2VCtev8nFP5B0S62PY/s400/DSC02242b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Crowd gathered at Boston Massacre Site in front of Old State House - photo by Jim Schmidt</b><i><b><br /></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>And what luck! Here's an archival photo (1900) with almost exactly the same aspect!</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYx4nnvdJaOEdUlaqY0JIGF5l8wEK8rvBFzhx1TxMpChrTX2zchrwZcSzY6HJFMdHSXoKLWOiCx6bg7rLYd-NJh-yvrH48wCpDx3XB0fc4qDguEYieSz2pE3CZcmJ-jpfxvBu0rBNmp_E/s1600/old+state.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYx4nnvdJaOEdUlaqY0JIGF5l8wEK8rvBFzhx1TxMpChrTX2zchrwZcSzY6HJFMdHSXoKLWOiCx6bg7rLYd-NJh-yvrH48wCpDx3XB0fc4qDguEYieSz2pE3CZcmJ-jpfxvBu0rBNmp_E/s400/old+state.png" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Archival Photo of Old State House (c. 1900) - Library of Congress</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><i></i></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXbqbOjfEz4zUXZ70csV9cCpROfy-4yti_HtLbANZpDElKBtN-olW6ytpwugnvxK22fPu8Di1PvLQsGRwXlbUAgGc1ykUSBfKlm0iZMvM6flIFuw2Ae-iTP6p_RjiqdjhRfMwuh8vkmFM/s1600/DSC02243b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXbqbOjfEz4zUXZ70csV9cCpROfy-4yti_HtLbANZpDElKBtN-olW6ytpwugnvxK22fPu8Di1PvLQsGRwXlbUAgGc1ykUSBfKlm0iZMvM6flIFuw2Ae-iTP6p_RjiqdjhRfMwuh8vkmFM/s400/DSC02243b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Old State House - photo by Jim Schmidt</b><i><i><b><br /></b></i></i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><i></i></b></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJso-Gf8mVeQqRsjC7aXUzM0w2o8Z2UtTwVDOuYUjKDXp448RaTRmMXG3AM6OuDNOGOUN-hkQwJIoTFu9pg5bAFp0sCCNuw0Y-Z1CRjSV0TBTVkUP0HZIWeK9aSOcDkyANE7rDcHwgZXk/s1600/DSC02250b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJso-Gf8mVeQqRsjC7aXUzM0w2o8Z2UtTwVDOuYUjKDXp448RaTRmMXG3AM6OuDNOGOUN-hkQwJIoTFu9pg5bAFp0sCCNuw0Y-Z1CRjSV0TBTVkUP0HZIWeK9aSOcDkyANE7rDcHwgZXk/s400/DSC02250b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><b>Old State House - photo by Jim Schmidt</b><i><i><b><br /></b></i></i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><i></i></b></div>
<b>Look for more Boston blog posts to come! Below are links to previous posts:</b><br />
<br />
<b>Boston #1 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Poe Statue</a></b><br />
<b>Boston #2 - <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/02/omnia-relinqvit-servare-rempvblicam.html" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw/54th Massachusetts Monument</a></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-34522710930257008092016-02-25T06:05:00.000-08:002016-02-25T06:05:21.746-08:00"OMNIA RELINQVIT / SERVARE REMPVBLICAM" - The Shaw and 54th Massachusetts Memorial (Boston #2)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>OMNIA RELINQVIT / SERVARE REMPVBLICAM </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>"He left behind everything to save the Republic"</b></i></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOB3YsJjloLbmsHUcKUYVO_2Qhddn0l4tZlvvSpH0g2NDp4b3kOObh0rkLv8362v5QmFH22qnQE1wWARA52TimqCPdxKUsnBxb_wQPuD4-75QMJS8geL1x3Cb-vmwcm_aQ315DitkeqbM/s1600/DSC02183.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOB3YsJjloLbmsHUcKUYVO_2Qhddn0l4tZlvvSpH0g2NDp4b3kOObh0rkLv8362v5QmFH22qnQE1wWARA52TimqCPdxKUsnBxb_wQPuD4-75QMJS8geL1x3Cb-vmwcm_aQ315DitkeqbM/s400/DSC02183.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Today's post provides information and photos of another landmark I visited on my trip to Boston late last summer (August 2015): <a href="http://www.publicartboston.com/content/robert-gould-shaw-and-54th-regiment" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">"Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth Regiment"</span></a> - a monument to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment" target="_blank">54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry regiment</a> (one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War) and their commander, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw" target="_blank">Col. Robert Gould Shaw</a>. Shaw and the regiment were featured in the film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_%281989_film%29" target="_blank">"Glory"</a> (1989).</b><br />
<br />
<b>The memorial stands at the edge of the <a href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/bostoncommon.asp" target="_blank">Boston Common</a>, just across the street from the <a href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/massachusettshouse.asp" target="_blank">Massachusetts State House</a>.</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUSlqK6eCgWpU2-XjE_hC6LoQ2wHRletGbKu1Bq2wPf6wohpjghnVhuzvAQzm2KYcbcR5y36B-sn7jZHIDajv5q7jeWzpkhg6qPb3FnAtnakQxUodYqSXcKMCFGSaH2z-gyLlbnsxlcD8/s1600/DSC02181.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUSlqK6eCgWpU2-XjE_hC6LoQ2wHRletGbKu1Bq2wPf6wohpjghnVhuzvAQzm2KYcbcR5y36B-sn7jZHIDajv5q7jeWzpkhg6qPb3FnAtnakQxUodYqSXcKMCFGSaH2z-gyLlbnsxlcD8/s400/DSC02181.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Front of the Shaw/54th Memorial - Photo by James M. Schmidt </b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b> From <a href="http://www.publicartboston.com/" target="_blank">Public Art Boston</a>:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeAPgfOsZwm7ICCVzfT-fFR0K_Got2rZXbk38yfXLmwufgMEMAlSMLmQOfC7bTDTGo6BaIIRVtu-YwuJOGx92r24c-kBbvVm-_Fj2sPuen_MHnUaOA7peyH9xoPcTcsDjyRlbiaRxbzGs/s1600/SHAW.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeAPgfOsZwm7ICCVzfT-fFR0K_Got2rZXbk38yfXLmwufgMEMAlSMLmQOfC7bTDTGo6BaIIRVtu-YwuJOGx92r24c-kBbvVm-_Fj2sPuen_MHnUaOA7peyH9xoPcTcsDjyRlbiaRxbzGs/s320/SHAW.png" width="206" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Col. Shaw - Library of Congress</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfvuc_EYcpxwRP5EPBLuyz87YSL9Jbk1PvNGLTzbUAmHle4-cfwlkMd304_yWDrbi3u-aFAwbZAuaqvtvi0elNRW-_B9BKHXEPNyXHkGPEITlou_e6kW9w5Mk9_VC41mir3vMRg7FLsw/s1600/54th.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfvuc_EYcpxwRP5EPBLuyz87YSL9Jbk1PvNGLTzbUAmHle4-cfwlkMd304_yWDrbi3u-aFAwbZAuaqvtvi0elNRW-_B9BKHXEPNyXHkGPEITlou_e6kW9w5Mk9_VC41mir3vMRg7FLsw/s320/54th.png" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://masshist.org/gallery/item?item=60" target="_blank"><b>Sergeant Henry F. Steward - 54th Mass - Mass Hist Soc</b></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b>Artist: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" target="_blank">Augustus Saint Gaudens</a><br />Location: Boston Common, at Beacon St. and Park St. map it<br />Neighborhood: Back Bay<br />Type: Sculpture<br />Year: 1897<br />Medium: Marble and granite<br /><br /><i>The famous American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens spent over a decade creating this bronze bas- relief monument, which is generally considered one of his finest works. It commemorates the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, the first volunteer regiment of African-American soldiers, active during the Civil War. The Regiment was led by white colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the son of prominent Boston abolitionists.<br /><br />Shaw and his regiment are famous for their assault on Fort Wagner in 1863. Outnumbered, many of the troops, including Shaw, were killed and buried in a mass grave by Confederate soldiers. One of the soldiers who survived the assault, William H. Carney, received a Medal of Honor in recognition of his bravery. The 54th also reportedly included Frederick Douglass’ two sons and the grandson of abolitionist Sojourner Truth.</i></b><b><i> </i></b><br />
<br />
<b><i>In the relief, an angel accompanies the men as they march down Beacon Street on May 28, 1863, leaving Boston to head south. She holds an olive branch, which symbolizes peace, and poppies, which symbolize death. Through this imagery, Saint-Gaudens alludes to both the soldiers’ individual fates and the North’s eventual victory. Other features of the relief are realistic, rather than symbolic. For example, each soldier’s face is markedly distinct, endowed with a unique appearance and expression. Saint-Gaudens’ respect for the soldiers is shown through his efforts to portrays them as individuals, not simply as a group. In 1982, the names of the African-American soldiers who died were added to the reverse side of the memorial.</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>Here is the program from the monument's dedication ceremonies via the Internet Archive:</b><br />
<br />
<b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="430" mozallowfullscreen="true" src="https://archive.org/stream/exercisesatdedic00bosto?ui=embed#mode/2up" webkitallowfullscreen="true" width="480"></iframe></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>And a wonderful photo from the Massachusetts Historical Society depicting <a href="http://www.masshist.org/database/2525" target="_blank">"Dedication of the Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, Boston, 31 May 1897"</a>:</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLITV8zhqZct4Dd3-faKP8lg8jgRkKCjiR4UG53GkE3_k-9HMrgGGPhD1tGXaJd4MS7KhOG88LvLRZ6HNrXan5r7bGKkNox4E3EdY1gZ3zoN1KdKaXEXewVfEhPEGe7zwn1zo629QMrc/s1600/54th+mass.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLITV8zhqZct4Dd3-faKP8lg8jgRkKCjiR4UG53GkE3_k-9HMrgGGPhD1tGXaJd4MS7KhOG88LvLRZ6HNrXan5r7bGKkNox4E3EdY1gZ3zoN1KdKaXEXewVfEhPEGe7zwn1zo629QMrc/s400/54th+mass.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Massachusetts Historical Society - description <a href="http://www.masshist.org/database/2525" target="_blank">here</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>It's a breathtaking sculpture and well worth a visit - it's the starting point for Boston's <a href="http://www.nps.gov/boaf/planyourvisit/things2do.htm" target="_blank">"Black Heritage Trail"</a> and also a great launch point for Boston's "<a href="http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/" target="_blank">Freedom Trail</a>."</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJhGphQg7idIDHig1BS8a4s-lM6vNLbexaBjKr4PHfxGt2nt8cRxlR0CCFzy1xIQHFU812uSwH-zvA4tV7tyUzHiNoNasn0eUJA7us-STSR1qGH6kzcJ_bpe9aRH2A4a3AqwcbRwl618/s1600/DSC02178.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJhGphQg7idIDHig1BS8a4s-lM6vNLbexaBjKr4PHfxGt2nt8cRxlR0CCFzy1xIQHFU812uSwH-zvA4tV7tyUzHiNoNasn0eUJA7us-STSR1qGH6kzcJ_bpe9aRH2A4a3AqwcbRwl618/s400/DSC02178.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkfLAUsDvhOdd3Ir6jf0VVdye2jRDAJ4pPiigNfaqsU0I5wtj-m3Gefd-HJcxHo9U4cGvU2OLh0-fT48eoCQOyG10rTXQnYliN28njPR7U3TTB7YGGuqe0MyOUEpNMl9lKz_grRl6sqg/s1600/DSC02179B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkfLAUsDvhOdd3Ir6jf0VVdye2jRDAJ4pPiigNfaqsU0I5wtj-m3Gefd-HJcxHo9U4cGvU2OLh0-fT48eoCQOyG10rTXQnYliN28njPR7U3TTB7YGGuqe0MyOUEpNMl9lKz_grRl6sqg/s400/DSC02179B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7jpZLLswdddY-p8j2O0ptlb3mUBIcx7m8GPT2UtzQ-XszVd7KYuRyagCEdg9T_nVDlDDI3Flw8jjhASVa_Yysc5vgoWnGRUFS09nG65G4DYH8jcv4rFR7uQcqPkwabkaM6ZPm_xQDj3s/s1600/DSC02184B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7jpZLLswdddY-p8j2O0ptlb3mUBIcx7m8GPT2UtzQ-XszVd7KYuRyagCEdg9T_nVDlDDI3Flw8jjhASVa_Yysc5vgoWnGRUFS09nG65G4DYH8jcv4rFR7uQcqPkwabkaM6ZPm_xQDj3s/s400/DSC02184B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2mfg1aSnzRxsptBJTPwanrkqAzZVSiS9SRrAN8n0shL_mMlAnB0bchdyi05tSVyLn-AbWern-Rwi4kBYwOgufKr8T4mLXgI9nfmx0Xq3f79dlBx6byZndl-3ixl4ODazwvZFybK44mY/s1600/DSC02188b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2mfg1aSnzRxsptBJTPwanrkqAzZVSiS9SRrAN8n0shL_mMlAnB0bchdyi05tSVyLn-AbWern-Rwi4kBYwOgufKr8T4mLXgI9nfmx0Xq3f79dlBx6byZndl-3ixl4ODazwvZFybK44mY/s400/DSC02188b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKEI0BtVhYSil-cd6bCL7HR9Wp7XB1vyBFamPqkXuAotZ6Eh7BL0sIPSoMJ6-j658gP9HQZdzbNtgKa_fUwErqJ3Kd7ja_JQIH4GRR7UaJJq8gTQA4gbGF3gTfLXigibv2X1dq4kbePI/s1600/DSC02175.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKEI0BtVhYSil-cd6bCL7HR9Wp7XB1vyBFamPqkXuAotZ6Eh7BL0sIPSoMJ6-j658gP9HQZdzbNtgKa_fUwErqJ3Kd7ja_JQIH4GRR7UaJJq8gTQA4gbGF3gTfLXigibv2X1dq4kbePI/s400/DSC02175.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdV4wxdURDR1AHq-vz3GB1cvgaO6N7nzkviEM7dL02SXQseD2z5RgO-dKloVvMjpG-erbXt4GpUUX3kEHp6zRkICPu7nZR_8lLAYScEnT928tfn4RPPigwqKvV8HZiJ_mXFuWt1sJkug/s1600/DSC02177.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdV4wxdURDR1AHq-vz3GB1cvgaO6N7nzkviEM7dL02SXQseD2z5RgO-dKloVvMjpG-erbXt4GpUUX3kEHp6zRkICPu7nZR_8lLAYScEnT928tfn4RPPigwqKvV8HZiJ_mXFuWt1sJkug/s400/DSC02177.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail - Shaw/54th Memorial - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsRXv9bYyxumeTiw9YiLNPlLqgDMph0wL3hvj_Z36H682wBRy0cXE1Yumi7oP7Ri_bYz8X_l17FMFhOrtS3kyyqblxBUn5do7Ru2owMNY0jKR2ghnNWMa1qg9ZyKDisOI7KG7XUb9mng/s1600/DSC02192b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsRXv9bYyxumeTiw9YiLNPlLqgDMph0wL3hvj_Z36H682wBRy0cXE1Yumi7oP7Ri_bYz8X_l17FMFhOrtS3kyyqblxBUn5do7Ru2owMNY0jKR2ghnNWMa1qg9ZyKDisOI7KG7XUb9mng/s400/DSC02192b.jpg" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>54th Mass Recruiting Poster in Boston Storefront - photo by James M Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>You might also like my other posts:</b><br />
<br />
<b>Other Posts on Boston:</b><br />
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-poe-with-beantown.html" target="_blank">Boston #1 - Poe Statue</a> </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Other African-American Civil War Monuments</b><br />
<b><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/05/courage-sacrifice-humanity-equality.html" target="_blank">Monument to the 62nd and 65th USCT in Jefferson City, MO</a></b>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-48740037611604174232016-01-19T09:55:00.002-08:002016-01-19T09:55:58.096-08:00Happy Birthday to Poe - With a Beantown Touch (Boston Post #1)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2oGfM5ybX9_qWz7z5nTZRmksOZhzMIWclOnI0yRha2mokRE2Bx6hW_1N2laImTlhFfZyUfpNc7Mm15MYLSX2_vCHTu_gq-IEiN1wd7WUUJcdDnukEgEheaLyOVJjIKxQy9SbLmlGejGE/s1600/IMG_0810_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2oGfM5ybX9_qWz7z5nTZRmksOZhzMIWclOnI0yRha2mokRE2Bx6hW_1N2laImTlhFfZyUfpNc7Mm15MYLSX2_vCHTu_gq-IEiN1wd7WUUJcdDnukEgEheaLyOVJjIKxQy9SbLmlGejGE/s400/IMG_0810_b.jpg" width="325" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Poe Statue - Boston - Jim Schmidt Photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Happy 207th Birthday to Edgar Allan Poe, born on this day - in Boston - 1809!</b></span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>This post includes photos from a statue of Poe recently (2014) dedicated in Boston which I saw when visiting there in August 2015. It's also the first of several blog posts documenting that visit.</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>"Other cities have long claimed a piece of the itinerant Poe. Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Richmond, Va., all have Poe monuments or museums of one sort or another,"</i> an interesting <i>New York Times</i> article (link below) from October 2014 declared, adding <i>"Boston never bothered. Not without reason. Poe sneered at the city’s luminaries. Riffing off the Frog Pond in the Boston Common, Poe called the local swells “Frogpondians,” their moralistic works sounding like the croaking of so many frogs. As for residents here, they “have no soul,” he said. “Bostonians are well bred — as very dull persons very generally are.”</i></b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zIbcV68nSCxl3e1Ro3G1nMgyFy1qyVUzpzT6jsK_bNP_cgWCminpp1eTDUpsUwybQGhtKgAGnxQV_TWgfbnVWJb-yX5kbABDPRRFyhU2Tvex7ke0cybOuHTkUoCkLfd0cNwDTzF9Q60/s1600/IMG_0814_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zIbcV68nSCxl3e1Ro3G1nMgyFy1qyVUzpzT6jsK_bNP_cgWCminpp1eTDUpsUwybQGhtKgAGnxQV_TWgfbnVWJb-yX5kbABDPRRFyhU2Tvex7ke0cybOuHTkUoCkLfd0cNwDTzF9Q60/s320/IMG_0814_b.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Poe Statue - Boston - Jim Schmidt Photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b>The <a href="http://www.bostonpoe.org/" target="_blank">Edgar Allan Poe Foundation of Boston</a> and the <a href="http://www.publicartboston.com/" target="_blank">Boston Art Commission</a> led the effort for the statue, which was crafted by sculptor <a href="http://www.steffrocknak.net/" target="_blank">Stefanie Rocknak</a>.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Some additional interesting links regarding Poe and Boston are listed below:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><i>New York Times</i> - October 4, 2014 - <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/us/edgar-allan-poes-feud-with-boston-nevermore.html?_r=0" target="_blank">"Edgar Allan Poe’s Feud With Boston? Nevermore"</a></b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Boston Globe</i> - October 5, 2014 - <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html" target="_blank">"Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed"</a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Poe Boston, Inc - <a href="http://www.poeboston.org/Poe_Boston_Inc..html" target="_blank">"Edgar Allan Poe & the City of Boston"</a></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Boston Public Library - <a href="http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/english/poebostonexhibit/" target="_blank">"The Raven in the Frog Pond"</a></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Boston.com - <a href="http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full" target="_blank">"Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe’s case against the Boston literati"</a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Enjoy!</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguWPV0ZfVe414yn-VT2egQ1S0cPSLzx0x1FV8bTMatBM-sgrEqd6hRJO0PzMbO8WAZiboPZvoczzlQGrCVt065FSL72eJzbCKWY5FCvT2IbbE0bPIQ62Wl7pAcNcsFdkhfbk37Y46jbB4/s1600/IMG_0815_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguWPV0ZfVe414yn-VT2egQ1S0cPSLzx0x1FV8bTMatBM-sgrEqd6hRJO0PzMbO8WAZiboPZvoczzlQGrCVt065FSL72eJzbCKWY5FCvT2IbbE0bPIQ62Wl7pAcNcsFdkhfbk37Y46jbB4/s400/IMG_0815_b.jpg" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Poe Statue - Boston - Jim Schmidt Photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGz5XqLskDR-FzGjC3qQ8ehtMVNs8BrOMZVtwmvNI2i6lPVcTauI6yYUNN6rUoz_aANaObC3-QLMGkI35Of16T0_OHWJDPCpghMhEp9q05oJDL55yhp1KXJhZs1S3-UpqtlFyVzCiXXIk/s1600/IMG_0816_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGz5XqLskDR-FzGjC3qQ8ehtMVNs8BrOMZVtwmvNI2i6lPVcTauI6yYUNN6rUoz_aANaObC3-QLMGkI35Of16T0_OHWJDPCpghMhEp9q05oJDL55yhp1KXJhZs1S3-UpqtlFyVzCiXXIk/s400/IMG_0816_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Poe Statue - Boston - Jim Schmidt Photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAg0mnAqrqlHk51tqARI0QIUwWVosRvFSqIMiM_IlzqfYQiOBSZE1_2N1d5sAd4jqI9iwxrpw0seT7d0KnmQrgfoViT6UU6IhIIFFa2F3BaLJ6-XOUBave7MtL21qahVHnYIlomFvwBrI/s1600/IMG_0811_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAg0mnAqrqlHk51tqARI0QIUwWVosRvFSqIMiM_IlzqfYQiOBSZE1_2N1d5sAd4jqI9iwxrpw0seT7d0KnmQrgfoViT6UU6IhIIFFa2F3BaLJ6-XOUBave7MtL21qahVHnYIlomFvwBrI/s400/IMG_0811_b.jpg" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Poe Statue - Boston - Jim Schmidt Photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-11216129490444541832016-01-15T11:19:00.002-08:002016-01-15T11:19:50.563-08:00"Pillars of the Earth" - #1 - St. Mary Aldermanbury - "Perhaps the biggest jigsaw puzzle in the history of architecture"<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipF9R7SB_1j-ni2QY9mJfrKz06NzWGtO7Je9hky-_NFJR5DGzhRaqtA6nUZ5ECWS__YYX2OaJ4E86YmZrWW_aRkIkZCdX3dqGK8hhyphenhyphen3LyiFfXFDqYNkpe_f-ZQywSE81AkUAllu37ZHLE/s1600/DSC02125_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipF9R7SB_1j-ni2QY9mJfrKz06NzWGtO7Je9hky-_NFJR5DGzhRaqtA6nUZ5ECWS__YYX2OaJ4E86YmZrWW_aRkIkZCdX3dqGK8hhyphenhyphen3LyiFfXFDqYNkpe_f-ZQywSE81AkUAllu37ZHLE/s400/DSC02125_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>St. Mary, Aldermanbury - Fulton, MO - Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"The removal of a Christopher Wren church , largely destroyed by enemy action...and its reconstruction and re-dedication at Fulton is an imaginative concept. It may symbolize in the eyes of the English-speaking peoples the ideals of Anglo-American association on which rest, now as before, so many of our hopes for peace and the future of mankind."</i></span> - Letter, 1962, Winston Churchill to Dr. Davidson, president, Westminster College</b><br />
<br />
<b>This post is a follow-up to my <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2015/07/stay-calm-and-carry-museum-on-national.html" target="_blank">last post</a> about a visit to the National Churchill Museum in nearby Fulton, Missouri. While the previous post focused on the museum, this post will focus on the remarkable structure of which the museum is but a part: the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury - a church with a remarkable history, moved from London to central Missouri, brick-by-brick, in the 1960s. Likewise, with the borrowed moniker, "Pillars of the Earth," it's the first of what I hope will be a series of posts on historic churches that I've visited (and hope to continue visiting).</b><br />
<br />
<b>Some information on the early history of the church from <a href="https://archive.org/details/churchesofcityof00reyniala" target="_blank"><i>The Churches of the City of London</i></a> by Herbert Reynolds (1922):</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>"The open space surrounding this church and its pleasant churchyard render it more conspicuous than many others in the City.</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>The early church on this site dated back to the fourteenth century, and was in the possession of the Elsing Priory until the suppression, afterwards becoming a rectory. The parishioners had the right to elect their rector under the licence of the Bishop. Sir William Englefield, Lord Mayor, 1429 and 1437, built the steeple and renewed the bells.</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>This old church perished in the Great Fire, and the present one, by Sir C. Wren, was erected on the old site in 1677.<br /><br />The interior gives one a correct idea of the architect's scheme of window lighting ; the plain glass type remains, and with the exception of the eastern window there is no stained glass. All these windows were shattered in the first Zeppelin raid over the City on the night of the 8th of September, 1915."</i></b></span><br />
<b></b><br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitE6Div9LZzNkMLq7ETmg9VdqDiAXGfZDSjDocCF7ks2NLFh-RTfkail3_yjnuonjW89lG8Wr14URhJ7YHnXA_B6IcJxT6wNSRS4Njk5zwW_qSe_wXTZynFv09zNlU6YndoYWOpc3qEgE/s1600/AN00754461_001_l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitE6Div9LZzNkMLq7ETmg9VdqDiAXGfZDSjDocCF7ks2NLFh-RTfkail3_yjnuonjW89lG8Wr14URhJ7YHnXA_B6IcJxT6wNSRS4Njk5zwW_qSe_wXTZynFv09zNlU6YndoYWOpc3qEgE/s400/AN00754461_001_l.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The Architectural Series of London Churches - <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3243186&partId=1&people=102387&peoA=102387-1-9&page=1" target="_blank">British Museum</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b>What the Germans didn't accomplish in 1915, they completed in WWII: in the London Blitz of December 1940, the church was severely damaged by an incendiary bomb:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzlHFPdpssWMUC_wenJYPy94E9y92GDMWYB4-ns5ChAtEuh8xiN_HeSKniDiysSfFBI_QJMRq8G7CQE0STQx55uWoB7plD1hUQ5wY5hMKQinNk_KWsXB7_dqtp9BnugeTJ5mJAIFOKGk4/s1600/50455771.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzlHFPdpssWMUC_wenJYPy94E9y92GDMWYB4-ns5ChAtEuh8xiN_HeSKniDiysSfFBI_QJMRq8G7CQE0STQx55uWoB7plD1hUQ5wY5hMKQinNk_KWsXB7_dqtp9BnugeTJ5mJAIFOKGk4/s400/50455771.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>St Mary, Aldermanbury - January 1, 1941 - <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-showing-the-gutted-church-of-st-marys-aldermanbury-a-news-photo/50455771" target="_blank">Getty Images</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEslo4EUuj-5BAb8Qc_ZDnWSagrJM1STpDq_J4ezEoL9TmXy7bHFkIi7-AVZxppApbbYggilRScGyMSu_7sbOy8Nm_f6aL_FhHejwNGftiMLwVnAYthKpE5LG8Nr_29cqe7cUUFT2Ybmo/s1600/50864664.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEslo4EUuj-5BAb8Qc_ZDnWSagrJM1STpDq_J4ezEoL9TmXy7bHFkIi7-AVZxppApbbYggilRScGyMSu_7sbOy8Nm_f6aL_FhHejwNGftiMLwVnAYthKpE5LG8Nr_29cqe7cUUFT2Ybmo/s400/50864664.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>St Mary, Aldermanbury - April 1, 1946 - <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/sir-christopher-wren-rebuilt-the-st-mary-the-virgin-news-photo/50864664" target="_blank">Getty Images</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>A Victorian silver communion service was rescued from the rubble after the bombing and fires of December 29, 1940, and is on display in the Churchill Museum in Fulton:</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQnS22KXbWuTjTRIUwmF4z3BAuPUVPZ_ljmdsRDpCQ3wioP0VfQ5nzVaFwDI9ikNPwIbbZZbSH1B34xVvTNSA-Nmtbum3Wea54VYO_rOI7AmE-B0o0jIkMw0eKn3xz2TWVsewM9fqwPa0/s1600/DSC02072_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQnS22KXbWuTjTRIUwmF4z3BAuPUVPZ_ljmdsRDpCQ3wioP0VfQ5nzVaFwDI9ikNPwIbbZZbSH1B34xVvTNSA-Nmtbum3Wea54VYO_rOI7AmE-B0o0jIkMw0eKn3xz2TWVsewM9fqwPa0/s400/DSC02072_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Victorian Era Communion Silver from original St. Mary's - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>The church was destined for destruction. As part of the plans for a memorial to Churchill at Westminster College in Fulton, MO, then-college president Dr. Robert L. D. Davidson, hatched the idea of bringing the church to the college and restoring it.</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9XCqTJen0vI-i4CAv8OaLg5P9weAZGkbBrNCQBhvG119bPn5js1LmmCBdsTWV2T0U55zyh6YPbKtSWVHK5utMjM9LQcmwS0ql2fqsQ23-rSQQe_0RdS2QLfNV6-QB5TVA-gCnvus-S9A/s1600/537166649.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9XCqTJen0vI-i4CAv8OaLg5P9weAZGkbBrNCQBhvG119bPn5js1LmmCBdsTWV2T0U55zyh6YPbKtSWVHK5utMjM9LQcmwS0ql2fqsQ23-rSQQe_0RdS2QLfNV6-QB5TVA-gCnvus-S9A/s400/537166649.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>St Mary, Aldermanbury - July 31, 1964 - <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-bombed-wren-church-st-mary-the-virgin-is-to-be-news-photo/537166649" target="_blank">Getty Images</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<b>And so they did! The process, which the <i>London Times</i> called <span style="font-size: large;"><i>“perhaps the biggest jigsaw puzzle in the history of architecture,”</i></span> began in the spring of 1964. Five years later, on May 7, 1969, the building’s dedication ceremonies were held.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Exterior = 84 feet long; 54.5 feet wide; tower height = 106 feet</b><br />
<b>Interior = 75 x 49 x 38 ft; 280 persons capacity</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Photos below - Enjoy! - I highly recommend a visit!</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO6Fy5i6wRayXerjtKXomNl5TUF2lf2H9w_O_I0vJlkq0BzxwuL13Uj_R5w-UfgKlbCDXt-2M_cSIPTX1PGivTW_63PFLILYnWJsvuwpOlo3-KxxCdk5cMlAxGXGxbBzUTTYKxr9HUhgY/s1600/DSC02126_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO6Fy5i6wRayXerjtKXomNl5TUF2lf2H9w_O_I0vJlkq0BzxwuL13Uj_R5w-UfgKlbCDXt-2M_cSIPTX1PGivTW_63PFLILYnWJsvuwpOlo3-KxxCdk5cMlAxGXGxbBzUTTYKxr9HUhgY/s400/DSC02126_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The dimensions of the church are the same as the building which burned in 1666, using the foundation line preserved by Christopher Wren - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4GbXJ0gCwJ6X8ECppHQJtArDjkpBPh1byQAADbTzKEsHOFb1TZ9thbUIS2brfgtyj7uE6AjzjMprws2czSyZY1eLHJ_1oQsnbtAjOHDdcldCITuckOzar4EknzJ-8F1fNzkDB6WAjXSo/s1600/DSC02078_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4GbXJ0gCwJ6X8ECppHQJtArDjkpBPh1byQAADbTzKEsHOFb1TZ9thbUIS2brfgtyj7uE6AjzjMprws2czSyZY1eLHJ_1oQsnbtAjOHDdcldCITuckOzar4EknzJ-8F1fNzkDB6WAjXSo/s400/DSC02078_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>From the undercroft, the stairway is crowned by a chandelier - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBiOgbkEcWFM5vZBBY2qhF8w5RKUNJ0Oz2WMfg0wu7aB9oOdHALtVg7k66UDLNnhCCoNWksQRSYh-G6IhAhRfcp_zxOSGqluRYG66alAHDd7-20g5tPqny8AVJvdfPb0mhBA5M6-My9cA/s1600/DSC02080_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBiOgbkEcWFM5vZBBY2qhF8w5RKUNJ0Oz2WMfg0wu7aB9oOdHALtVg7k66UDLNnhCCoNWksQRSYh-G6IhAhRfcp_zxOSGqluRYG66alAHDd7-20g5tPqny8AVJvdfPb0mhBA5M6-My9cA/s400/DSC02080_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Stairway - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPl6T9gC-xq7TY0kpfmVDIEa9zcTKHYICgtT18WBFQspMUTytp3sTcNCpn7TCDHvmy_06kOzVJNjiBDi7izcf81Z_LlCIpD0vtEoV5AV2na5XGva4fxHreWSKIxoV5pBNJ9dq0qIzHyAQ/s1600/DSC02097_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPl6T9gC-xq7TY0kpfmVDIEa9zcTKHYICgtT18WBFQspMUTytp3sTcNCpn7TCDHvmy_06kOzVJNjiBDi7izcf81Z_LlCIpD0vtEoV5AV2na5XGva4fxHreWSKIxoV5pBNJ9dq0qIzHyAQ/s400/DSC02097_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Clear, handblown cathedral glass windows, manufactured by Blenko Co. (Milton, WV), duplicate those used by Wren - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhabgoWh94XhN7WhIKa5yUxRneLNocFBwi9VGT-cX8gXVCm2lI3NK3Jzp59qLb4UWMk_y6nM3-laonANSBoISxBgoUaWiCrNNpF-XL7ZOPQuIH3OabzxyBAXBgHoXv9BEQNTY_dRPVxPhk/s1600/DSC02087_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhabgoWh94XhN7WhIKa5yUxRneLNocFBwi9VGT-cX8gXVCm2lI3NK3Jzp59qLb4UWMk_y6nM3-laonANSBoISxBgoUaWiCrNNpF-XL7ZOPQuIH3OabzxyBAXBgHoXv9BEQNTY_dRPVxPhk/s400/DSC02087_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Detail from the lectern...new carvings throughout the church were done by artist Arthur Ayers in the original Wren style - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WBP98LcTEwb10LRQ-fdctaeXEb2KA0a_pmISliV28CT2BUUUO1r2CNZUdeN8_4P98z9yqG6oMVAgZ7roBrlDEv5WDKWS48_WCeniXdwgNolTpy19Nd5o3ISYxjTk_8W7_N1KgVqdjFc/s1600/DSC02082_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WBP98LcTEwb10LRQ-fdctaeXEb2KA0a_pmISliV28CT2BUUUO1r2CNZUdeN8_4P98z9yqG6oMVAgZ7roBrlDEv5WDKWS48_WCeniXdwgNolTpy19Nd5o3ISYxjTk_8W7_N1KgVqdjFc/s400/DSC02082_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The chandeliers were made in Cleveland, OH, and are replicas of those designed by Wren - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihctWUPk1Z7aqAZlkQA4MN1SLsdINsfuHspxk_7xxv4BJRN7L932XRUXkbHqbXSEZeR2SDh3TDSUispzr5hQvQAeWD7IdZXeqKUB6NH3asmn4RJ2loTv2fbDPyexRW4Fj1uBvdyN-Z4Jo/s1600/DSC02083_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihctWUPk1Z7aqAZlkQA4MN1SLsdINsfuHspxk_7xxv4BJRN7L932XRUXkbHqbXSEZeR2SDh3TDSUispzr5hQvQAeWD7IdZXeqKUB6NH3asmn4RJ2loTv2fbDPyexRW4Fj1uBvdyN-Z4Jo/s400/DSC02083_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The 12 original columns designed by Wren stand on either side of the aisle. The bases are new, since the sandstone originals could not be moved; seven of the capitals are original; the columns no longer support the roof - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD5ziuKhkmcev9VEvuay8zHaonQfTOGdSjHZPmadGdC8BQ3WDf5vZEI4gaydsluTYTGm-5oix1aNFLIK_ZBYvceG6r9gSIndIZ_5gNh7Xhug_MMQSzkCghDwh9rerna45DSsAB9AO_Ymw/s1600/DSC02096_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD5ziuKhkmcev9VEvuay8zHaonQfTOGdSjHZPmadGdC8BQ3WDf5vZEI4gaydsluTYTGm-5oix1aNFLIK_ZBYvceG6r9gSIndIZ_5gNh7Xhug_MMQSzkCghDwh9rerna45DSsAB9AO_Ymw/s400/DSC02096_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG3aDnEdZtcW5tT_3tqpA9moT1HV2_XimgO2T9SKyDnV1AdpgcwjSBw2l-hKUjGXAS5nVqnD33_pgaBajThgbxDr4aatQJpj0m33miOo0COmHQ2ekr6CkHplA8tbqTMATWO74B0MgDowM/s1600/DSC02095_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG3aDnEdZtcW5tT_3tqpA9moT1HV2_XimgO2T9SKyDnV1AdpgcwjSBw2l-hKUjGXAS5nVqnD33_pgaBajThgbxDr4aatQJpj0m33miOo0COmHQ2ekr6CkHplA8tbqTMATWO74B0MgDowM/s400/DSC02095_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvrEHCzGc_9zPhySrZWpZ0rFgy66BA2OnxAEvIjKlNlp_hAyBw6ayJg5BjrI0ZR7ch09Oll6danRNMhd85kJXxH9wGhW1ccyftNhwLLO_8sCSQ9nE7bWGvgczMi73Ly9WVmWbWbUjFci4/s1600/DSC02092_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvrEHCzGc_9zPhySrZWpZ0rFgy66BA2OnxAEvIjKlNlp_hAyBw6ayJg5BjrI0ZR7ch09Oll6danRNMhd85kJXxH9wGhW1ccyftNhwLLO_8sCSQ9nE7bWGvgczMi73Ly9WVmWbWbUjFci4/s400/DSC02092_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The organ is a 38-rank tracker, mechanical; built ny N. P. Mander, London; pipes are c. 1770s; case from 1741 - photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitevz3Fc2C7brcHqoiRDEIKvnTvrb2kFJcxxEm5EAJItvQLNOORPCV9av3IEGp_99uR15zkvl2Ar8aJuHBWTvqIkyMRghhCfH_XSOxLZpJMOnt0T9IXceZOldc5ddWFUJSuMc0I7WC97w/s1600/DSC02103_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitevz3Fc2C7brcHqoiRDEIKvnTvrb2kFJcxxEm5EAJItvQLNOORPCV9av3IEGp_99uR15zkvl2Ar8aJuHBWTvqIkyMRghhCfH_XSOxLZpJMOnt0T9IXceZOldc5ddWFUJSuMc0I7WC97w/s400/DSC02103_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Outside detail - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCCXWeCRznn6hjpZUNDicBUhuGj5gcaFZYklCIDSJr1WVyrwj6-yDKeMD2JeopxZqBeD8llHGQiM2VEewu54zj_FX-CTnWl6dLwsCW8nZ55RRs1wNMDa6TFj6SjJ5JKIGIiwls_ZCl_Y0/s1600/DSC02110_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCCXWeCRznn6hjpZUNDicBUhuGj5gcaFZYklCIDSJr1WVyrwj6-yDKeMD2JeopxZqBeD8llHGQiM2VEewu54zj_FX-CTnWl6dLwsCW8nZ55RRs1wNMDa6TFj6SjJ5JKIGIiwls_ZCl_Y0/s400/DSC02110_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The Tower - Jim Schmidt photo</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ALLVaa6S6rSSx5Hb5wXiHfg7TekJgMdBSmIfYWHVgUbzAw8Bp8cVtBgA8oiQDiVAPgDFf4WICe-EyhnqVEkW5xTSvLL5jQyElKpMGAFv6S8EegLkYpKYYVGpogvSyDQW44R2A9xw_z0/s1600/DSC02111_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ALLVaa6S6rSSx5Hb5wXiHfg7TekJgMdBSmIfYWHVgUbzAw8Bp8cVtBgA8oiQDiVAPgDFf4WICe-EyhnqVEkW5xTSvLL5jQyElKpMGAFv6S8EegLkYpKYYVGpogvSyDQW44R2A9xw_z0/s320/DSC02111_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo by Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-34127243228680530762015-07-10T17:56:00.001-07:002015-07-10T17:56:04.637-07:00"Stay Calm and Carry Museum On" - The National Churchill Museum (Fulton, MO)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimxxF15M1ynoYQQhyAkearDYseh1EM-10F-m742WFds4cK2o2MA2U71RuorK6sf2xcCeoB1a9wTqufN7UkPAZKdpqBPwNCufhdQjfYHcNBJ2FDZniovyk9uHkEoBLjGvFV0rEJ8VYn88/s1600/DSC02113.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimxxF15M1ynoYQQhyAkearDYseh1EM-10F-m742WFds4cK2o2MA2U71RuorK6sf2xcCeoB1a9wTqufN7UkPAZKdpqBPwNCufhdQjfYHcNBJ2FDZniovyk9uHkEoBLjGvFV0rEJ8VYn88/s400/DSC02113.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<b>I love museums of all kinds and the summer months make for a great time to see them. Last week I had the great pleasure and privilege of taking a short road trip with our son, Robert, to the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/" target="_blank">National Churchill Museum</a></span> in Fulton, Missouri, on the campus of <a href="http://www.westminster-mo.edu/" target="_blank">Westminster College</a>. It was a great, fun, and interesting visit.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Westminster is the home of this museum owing to its place in history as the site of Winston Churchill's famous "Sinews of Peace" speech address - also known as the "Iron Curtain" speech, on March 5, 1946. Originally established in the late 1960s as the National Churchill Memorial and Library, it went through an extensive renovation in 2006 and has since been designated by Congress as America's national Churchill museum.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvCNgSNdhELHquh-y9k13soWsGtcd6JmsIWNpaNfN_ukH8Ifda6zljjSSRIIrBHcgA7FYq07ZQL5nRJGo6rFlTSkKmcwBQos5sEOBKdMTMpnZ1cYmWQHWJUNLuLaelUWWdMTTQIU5MaY/s1600/photo2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvCNgSNdhELHquh-y9k13soWsGtcd6JmsIWNpaNfN_ukH8Ifda6zljjSSRIIrBHcgA7FYq07ZQL5nRJGo6rFlTSkKmcwBQos5sEOBKdMTMpnZ1cYmWQHWJUNLuLaelUWWdMTTQIU5MaY/s400/photo2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>The actual focus and home of the museum is the Church of St. Mary Aldermanbury - a 17th century London church transported brick and pillar to Fulton, MO - but that will be the subject of my next blog post as it deserves its own - the Museum proper resides in the lower level of the church, but also includes statues of Churchill on the church grounds as well as "Breakthrough" - a sculpture built from sections of the Berlin Wall.</b><br />
<br />
<b>The Museum tour is self-guided, but a kind volunteer gave us a short orientation to the layout. The tour is primarily chronological - beginning with The Early Years (1874-1914), First World War & aftermath (1914-1929),World War II (1929-1945), The Sinews of Peace (1946), Churchill and the Cold War (1946 and Beyond), and Churchill's Private Life. Not knowing many details about Churchill apart from his appearance in my general reading about WWI and WWII, the entire tour was a good experience to learn more about the man.</b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"The day came when my father himself paid a formal visit of inspection. All the troops were arranged in the correct formation of attack. He spent twenty minutes studying the scene..."</i></span> - Winston Churchill </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK6aPNNvDF2YOOrEjAMMicciTKWmFe62GEP0vRR83aMnSN6VNdbX6yTXj1y4vrHD7d0XJIYO-jqLnoS9wi2Cmj3W9qrPIk5voangcTGHICSCXuLK1BF2JGHTojClj7stIN4ZNQfRBtPd0/s1600/photo5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK6aPNNvDF2YOOrEjAMMicciTKWmFe62GEP0vRR83aMnSN6VNdbX6yTXj1y4vrHD7d0XJIYO-jqLnoS9wi2Cmj3W9qrPIk5voangcTGHICSCXuLK1BF2JGHTojClj7stIN4ZNQfRBtPd0/s400/photo5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>"The Early Years" an exhibit includes a cabinet of some of the young Churchill's toy soldiers. He had more than 1500 of them. The section of the museum also describes his rough early years of schooling, his graduation from Sandhurst Military Academy, his intrepid adventures in the Boer War, and his entrance into politics.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>"The First World War" describes his position of First Lord of the Admiralty, his influence in the development of battleships and tanks (financed through the Navy!), the disaster at Galipoli, and his field service in WWI.</b><br />
<br />
<b>His important part in the history of WWII - for which he is probably best known in the American imagination - justly represents a good part of the museum.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcwxeyqoyU-ALK3-klfELApZDW3JoP4q0CUFt9kKSLp9DDITdHlanYlh-U_gV_-4leVjOpuTEiSWWvWV27I2hyphenhyphenXkLgd2nAxp3hFFzp-d8mFOxxEAFM0QX_RrSg4syQKCq5mbhe95Xx4mI/s1600/churchillww2.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcwxeyqoyU-ALK3-klfELApZDW3JoP4q0CUFt9kKSLp9DDITdHlanYlh-U_gV_-4leVjOpuTEiSWWvWV27I2hyphenhyphenXkLgd2nAxp3hFFzp-d8mFOxxEAFM0QX_RrSg4syQKCq5mbhe95Xx4mI/s400/churchillww2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi_HgBBhT7GNtCQ1MDuRLepEaG3ebYoWEOSL6F7oTgp8ptfZr_3RwTCqi6TtJulvX6yhyvXqMzie7BY8fSGTTB69-k_1BttNORy5EE-wuSCVbgfOsDEe_YBBGqRph22HQcDK3Ug_HQz2Q/s1600/dispatch.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi_HgBBhT7GNtCQ1MDuRLepEaG3ebYoWEOSL6F7oTgp8ptfZr_3RwTCqi6TtJulvX6yhyvXqMzie7BY8fSGTTB69-k_1BttNORy5EE-wuSCVbgfOsDEe_YBBGqRph22HQcDK3Ug_HQz2Q/s400/dispatch.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>Not surprisingly, the very best part of the Museum - and the section with the most artifacts - covers Churchill's visit (with President Harry Truman) to Fulton and Westminster College for his famous speech.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCvqHBntoaC__4BWEdujXKkvm3Tc54K8PSQxrsKqw-9-kArK9CkYymaa6gYAp4k0qYwTZmFI4dWh1c6hqE18HpuBSB1S1V-_tUw-SMpcKiue7hNxxCklJZQtJHG4geemeGuV0gGKDd-3Y/s1600/photo5a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCvqHBntoaC__4BWEdujXKkvm3Tc54K8PSQxrsKqw-9-kArK9CkYymaa6gYAp4k0qYwTZmFI4dWh1c6hqE18HpuBSB1S1V-_tUw-SMpcKiue7hNxxCklJZQtJHG4geemeGuV0gGKDd-3Y/s400/photo5a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYN5tsduOgEblqEndr3wa-V9FgiH1g_uOpivvyCQpQhJ4fd5KcHJAjDacDd4TE33FF12htDMT5JQZrRK-Sm-_swUXEIKbP-RuBxYs7uLySWM4eI451rgFVUhao2VobsFbyVaIkN4w7EvA/s1600/photo10a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYN5tsduOgEblqEndr3wa-V9FgiH1g_uOpivvyCQpQhJ4fd5KcHJAjDacDd4TE33FF12htDMT5JQZrRK-Sm-_swUXEIKbP-RuBxYs7uLySWM4eI451rgFVUhao2VobsFbyVaIkN4w7EvA/s400/photo10a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<b>Finally, the Museum has displays focusing on Churchill's private life, including several original paintings done by Churchill, and his place in popular culture.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jyJv7qe9lvDYjOWz4Unga_ewTVJsMdbw9YUsV6v7pBpHwfGueF8Bbk-8KMbOq8vPvuoYkxVYJjlv1kDgFmmsd_c0e_GVW0DQkxOvwLvQ9KjPr389M63mQVgF1xb7XKmNsgOqgfMYxms/s1600/photo2b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jyJv7qe9lvDYjOWz4Unga_ewTVJsMdbw9YUsV6v7pBpHwfGueF8Bbk-8KMbOq8vPvuoYkxVYJjlv1kDgFmmsd_c0e_GVW0DQkxOvwLvQ9KjPr389M63mQVgF1xb7XKmNsgOqgfMYxms/s400/photo2b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTpB0EkjxSRFoVJriNekEMc-hHwmLIW92EgUppk-HVqgFJtw0DmvadtRaWZDwFZ3bgk08eOXtmqtiAclxj5gPNsiM14j-kYGmO3iYLy9PlH4xDRSHh_FzKN8nzL_LlbjkBqzYK6NVizU/s1600/photo4c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTpB0EkjxSRFoVJriNekEMc-hHwmLIW92EgUppk-HVqgFJtw0DmvadtRaWZDwFZ3bgk08eOXtmqtiAclxj5gPNsiM14j-kYGmO3iYLy9PlH4xDRSHh_FzKN8nzL_LlbjkBqzYK6NVizU/s400/photo4c.jpg" width="297" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>The Museum also includes some wonderful outdoor sculptures.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieNmhimbLYFtzcc9lnr_o2p52hBae6TlCJHWdZ0KIXAedezrSlIG8oA8ox2Iz4pA_bP9tbvnBK30LDuJTyqwrO4PDNWdUv2vflWX829bDzvEwpxgdrq9kSYixnhnNJdK7acj6o5Z608YY/s1600/DSC02101.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieNmhimbLYFtzcc9lnr_o2p52hBae6TlCJHWdZ0KIXAedezrSlIG8oA8ox2Iz4pA_bP9tbvnBK30LDuJTyqwrO4PDNWdUv2vflWX829bDzvEwpxgdrq9kSYixnhnNJdK7acj6o5Z608YY/s400/DSC02101.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAYcB8OuckjellF24aeqXlYroZoW5rsY_bLHySPuB5XExIoo2rTypGRPNblPpystvf7w2yVdsgQyWqcWb4KI7-5x7u6KTXw9LZWs-P8ttv197r4C-g4cqFShAkPFgx9_D2Vrkp1D8fAac/s1600/DSC02114.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAYcB8OuckjellF24aeqXlYroZoW5rsY_bLHySPuB5XExIoo2rTypGRPNblPpystvf7w2yVdsgQyWqcWb4KI7-5x7u6KTXw9LZWs-P8ttv197r4C-g4cqFShAkPFgx9_D2Vrkp1D8fAac/s400/DSC02114.JPG" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN6mvBeXk9J_DdupBjI888zgtuFgKRKDT55FXN4QrzmRpTZANMdP2BFcYbEIy-ljLPjG9_A6A2RHcAwmh4qft5NRu0BbjAYiYWzrtKYcTlTfNiOjXA9g-7LUjUzyzMAzzCIJJ5Rh2yZNQ/s1600/photo6b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN6mvBeXk9J_DdupBjI888zgtuFgKRKDT55FXN4QrzmRpTZANMdP2BFcYbEIy-ljLPjG9_A6A2RHcAwmh4qft5NRu0BbjAYiYWzrtKYcTlTfNiOjXA9g-7LUjUzyzMAzzCIJJ5Rh2yZNQ/s400/photo6b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKt9wwfqEdylCdlvXHSGGz_6d1oM2AIPLQNU28CNRK4FY2RjooRRzJ0aTTK8yl-3iV7NlWV7B02Yo1sr7g0h1cWu0tYGQtmmpcRkF08GJxjAHgJ5zbhhuHhbePE6zr65TrNmKF94iO5qc/s1600/DSC02109.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKt9wwfqEdylCdlvXHSGGz_6d1oM2AIPLQNU28CNRK4FY2RjooRRzJ0aTTK8yl-3iV7NlWV7B02Yo1sr7g0h1cWu0tYGQtmmpcRkF08GJxjAHgJ5zbhhuHhbePE6zr65TrNmKF94iO5qc/s400/DSC02109.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>The Museum is comfortable with professional exhibits; perhaps a little light on Churchill artifacts (apart from the excellent Iron Curtain speech collection), though that's understandable given the more important collections overseas such as the <a href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/churchill-war-rooms" target="_blank">Churchill War Rooms</a> at the <a href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/" target="_blank">Imperial War Museum</a>. I highly recommend a visit.</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBx1t2QxRBYI49Mz7K18-tvxu-x3xtsKOAidmr7DYaiBxK1NE4yEqh0-qUKan-uCb1-LxD6Ibk-uvXF98GPo2bgzciZCEiGiQJkvq2G_tIPZPtBLQpm9CNb2A-mDiP3_2yFF6J8_GIuBE/s1600/photo9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBx1t2QxRBYI49Mz7K18-tvxu-x3xtsKOAidmr7DYaiBxK1NE4yEqh0-qUKan-uCb1-LxD6Ibk-uvXF98GPo2bgzciZCEiGiQJkvq2G_tIPZPtBLQpm9CNb2A-mDiP3_2yFF6J8_GIuBE/s400/photo9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-50373489487998688762015-06-19T10:32:00.002-07:002015-06-19T10:32:25.573-07:00150 Years Ago Today - "Freedom Day" - Juneteenth in Galveston, TX - 1865<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNknn0kbankEHIZvZl8T3fFRkxvj-FJZ6DctieFefw1NmJL5SUE4CyWfiyskXa3PfTtAtR7jflcpIffp1wQKVNRf_uKqXf-mNFdFc1Bh6wFmbNnv8y29x8smtEs9ztrlsY9aKOzupUa28/s1600/juneteenth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNknn0kbankEHIZvZl8T3fFRkxvj-FJZ6DctieFefw1NmJL5SUE4CyWfiyskXa3PfTtAtR7jflcpIffp1wQKVNRf_uKqXf-mNFdFc1Bh6wFmbNnv8y29x8smtEs9ztrlsY9aKOzupUa28/s400/juneteenth.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Juneteenth" monument on the grounds of Ashton Villa in Galveston, TX - p[hoto by James M. Schmidt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Note: An abbreviated form of this post about Juneteenth appeared on this blog on 18 June 2012 (</span></strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/06/galveston-research-summary-18-happy.html" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">here</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">) - I've updated it as an expanded post with an excerpt from my book, <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Galveston-Civil-War-Island-Maelstrom/dp/1609492838/" target="_blank">Galveston and the Civil War</a></em> (2012) and have included links to some exception material from Andy Hall's </span><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Dead Confederates"</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> blog.</span></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em>"The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free." </em></span>-General Gordon Granger’s General Order No. 3, Galveston, TX, June 19, 1865</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>In commemoration of "Juneteenth," I am pleased to provide an excerpt from my book, <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Galveston-Civil-War-Island-Maelstrom/dp/1609492838/" target="_blank">Galveston and the Civil War: An Island City in the Maelstrom</a></em> (History Press, 2012)</strong> <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">"Freedom Day"</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong></strong> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>An Excerpt from <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Galveston-Civil-War-Island-Maelstrom/dp/1609492838/" target="_blank">Galveston and the Civil War</a></em></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>by James M. Schmidt</strong></div>
<br />
<strong>The war may have been over, but there was now a peace to keep. Major General Gordon Granger—newly appointed as commander of the Department of Texas—arrived in Galveston on the morning of June 19, 1865, and that very day, he issued several orders from his headquarters in the city: one asserted his authority over the state, another declared that all acts of the state’s governor and legislature since secession were null and void and yet another made the state’s cotton public property and the quartermaster the sole agent for its purchase and sale. The most important order, however, was his “General Orders No. 3”:</strong><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFqlaKNd7FJ174tBRudVicfFPnEA2fk5IlQWvj3Hk0t9vtptgtPsaChvlGR3ybqRMSyByllWJiPjd_MidLgOhHRcqCfQvtIRgdNAg1nHNWTfEXWAnxsBl2OyuPKwQMyInglFK354YAnlU/s1600/Juneteenth-General-Gordon-Granger-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFqlaKNd7FJ174tBRudVicfFPnEA2fk5IlQWvj3Hk0t9vtptgtPsaChvlGR3ybqRMSyByllWJiPjd_MidLgOhHRcqCfQvtIRgdNAg1nHNWTfEXWAnxsBl2OyuPKwQMyInglFK354YAnlU/s320/Juneteenth-General-Gordon-Granger-2.jpg" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong> Gen. Gordon Granger - Library of Congress</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere. (1)</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="color: red;">Note - See Andy Hall's "Dead Confederates" blog for a post (</span><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2015/06/19/general-order-no-3-2/" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">here</span></a><span style="color: red;">) that includes an image of a rare handbill with General Order #3</span></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Although President Abraham Lincoln had issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 (after the Battle of Antietam), and the final proclamation on January 1, 1863 (the same day as the Battle of Galveston), they actually had a minimal immediate impact on the lives of most of the millions of the nation’s enslaved African Americans, especially the slaves in Texas. The proclamations did have a significant effect on the prosecution of the Civil War, on the political landscape and in the international community, but it was only with battlefield victories— many of them hard-fought and won by ex-slaves in uniform—that the proclamations could be enforced. Granger’s order, then, was very important in that it legally abolished slavery in Texas forever.</strong><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzWF8DDAbjRskJLtNNvTKGM0rPpGNh75Z5KBaqrD3ekfiHCG5VsBsqZm1KX73myRHWBesYSBvJmdRM4YjbW7yqAOjJptfqMwB1t9FoxqCRpNiOKvHv7NpimL-uy6oxOqn4aMKWdV3vaYc/s1600/ASHTON+villa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzWF8DDAbjRskJLtNNvTKGM0rPpGNh75Z5KBaqrD3ekfiHCG5VsBsqZm1KX73myRHWBesYSBvJmdRM4YjbW7yqAOjJptfqMwB1t9FoxqCRpNiOKvHv7NpimL-uy6oxOqn4aMKWdV3vaYc/s400/ASHTON+villa.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ashton Villa - Photo by James M. Schmidt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>Local tradition has it that General Granger read his order and the Emancipation Proclamation from the balcony of the home of James M. Brown (also known as “Ashton Villa,” and, ironically, constructed, in part, with slave labor) in Galveston. Other historians have suggested the order may have been issued from Granger’s headquarters on the Strand or from the United States Customhouse. Where or whether the order was read aloud, it was posted throughout Galveston and printed in newspapers in the city and throughout the state. In postwar interviews, slaves throughout Texas remembered masters calling them together to read Granger’s order and learning they were now free. (2)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Owing to distance, poor communication and the reluctance of masters, it took time—weeks or months sometimes—for the news to reach slaves on plantations in the inland frontier; even then, the reaction to the news varied from slave to slave or family to family as they contemplated how to embrace their freedom. Some ran away immediately; others stayed and<br />continued their work but for wages. In Galveston, lawyer William Pitt Ballinger awoke to find that three of his slaves had <em><span style="font-size: large;">“up and left [at] night upon hearing the news of their emancipation.”</span></em> Ballinger wrote that he was <span style="font-size: large;"><em>“saddened by their running”</em></span> but told his family the three <em><span style="font-size: large;">“were free to do as they pleased—the law was with them.”</span></em> As further witness to the mixed reaction to emancipation, two of the ex-slaves headed for New Orleans while another soon returned to the Ballinger household. (3)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Galveston’s ex-slaves rejoiced on hearing the news. Confederate major H.A. Wallace recalled that when he reached the island, he found some ex-slaves at the wharf throwing their hats in the air. When Wallace inquired why they were celebrating, the men declared, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“We’s free now.”</span></em> Wallace asked, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“What makes you free?”</span></em> and they answered, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“Yankees come down on ships on the outside to free us.”</span></em> The day has been remembered ever since as “Juneteenth” (a portmanteau of the words “June” and “nineteenth,” also called “Emancipation Day” or “Freedom Day”). Beginning in 1866, African Americans in Galveston and throughout the state began annual celebrations of Juneteenth with church services, parades, readings of the Emancipation Proclamation and more. (4)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Still, it would take time for that freedom and equality to be fully realized. Even Granger’s order was <em><span style="font-size: large;">“stated in a patronizing tone,”</span></em> as one historian declared, requiring the freedmen to find work and forbidding idleness. Fewer than 2,000 Union soldiers patrolled the whole of Texas, hindering the safe passage or harbor of ex-slaves in the midst of returning Confederate veterans or masters reluctant to yield their human “property.” Even in the presence of the Union occupation, the <em>Galveston Weekly News</em> defiantly declared that <em><span style="font-size: large;">“the attempt to set the negro free…and make him, politically, the equal of the white man, will be most disastrous to the whole country and absolutely ruinous to the South.”</span></em> (5)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>As one historian noted, slavery may have been over in Texas, but <em><span style="font-size: large;">“[its] bitter legacy had only begun to unfold.”</span></em> (6)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Notes:</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</em>, 128 vol. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901., ser. 1, vol. 48, part 2, 929.<br />(2) Andrew Hall, </span></strong><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2015/06/18/juneteenth-history-and-tradition-5/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">“Juneteenth, History and Tradition,”</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Dead Confederates Blog.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Moretta, John A. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>William Pitt Ballinger: Texas Lawyer, Southern Statesman, 1825–1888</em>. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2000, 174.<br />(4) McComb, David G. <em>Galveston: A History</em>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986, 84.<br />(5) Cotham, Edward T. <em>Battle on the Bay: The Civil War Struggle for Galveston</em>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998, 185; <em>Galveston Weekly News</em>, June 28, 1865.<br />223. Campbell, Randolph B. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865</em>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989, 251.</span></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-26162622149608367832015-06-07T08:00:00.000-07:002015-06-07T10:49:08.641-07:00150 Years Ago Today - Gen. W. T. Sherman's 1865 Commencement Address at Notre Dame<span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;"></span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cross -posted from my <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">"Notre Dame in the Civil War"</a> blog.</span></strong></span></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">I am pleased to provide an excerpt from my book, </span></strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Notre-Dame-Civil-War-Marching/dp/1596298790/"><em><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Notre Dame and the Civil War: Marching Onward to Victory</span></strong></em></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;">, in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the commencement address delivered by Union general William T. Sherman at the University of Notre Dame, on June 7, 1865.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Life is only another kind of battle and it requires as good a generalship to conduct it </em><em>to a successful end as it did to conquer a city, or to march through Georgia.</em></span></strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>–William T. Sherman, Notre Dame commencement address, June 7, 1865</strong></div>
<span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville-Italic; font-size: x-small;">
<div align="LEFT">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXHWspB2-0coVbv_oVWJAOylkQpqT_WOQWa9N_XJum-Z24XJ1K7En529ArDl4i5UVjCoZHYp9Vlu8flkBicojNFsB8drAzxa-z4EkQqr8NRWOEKfndAQOLGLOP9BhqMDwk1g2CQ13iTVW/s1600/250px-William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXHWspB2-0coVbv_oVWJAOylkQpqT_WOQWa9N_XJum-Z24XJ1K7En529ArDl4i5UVjCoZHYp9Vlu8flkBicojNFsB8drAzxa-z4EkQqr8NRWOEKfndAQOLGLOP9BhqMDwk1g2CQ13iTVW/s1600/250px-William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="LEFT">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The Sherman family—fresh from grand reviews and a series of congratulatory banquets—stopped at Notre Dame on Wednesday, June 7, 1865. The university took advantage of the presence of their distinguished guest and invited him to speak at that day’s commencement exercises. When Sherman entered the refectory, the students gave him an ovation. <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/2009/11/notre-dames-civil-war-student-soldier.html">Timothy Howard</a>, the wounded veteran of Shiloh—and now a Notre Dame professor—addressed the general on behalf of the faculty. The professor first congratulated Sherman on his military exploits and success and then on the general’s special connection to the university:</span></strong><br />
<strong style="font-size: x-large;"><em><br /></em></strong>
<strong style="font-size: x-large;"><em>We are glad that you have kindly visited us on your way; we knew you would not forget us. From the field of strife and the march, your heart must have often turned to the quiet shades where dwelt the treasures of your soul. And when the war was over, we knew that General Sherman would come to see the places made sacred to him by the consecrating footsteps of his family, and rest with us and let Notre Dame be a gentle spot in the midst of toils in the present and honors in the future.</em></strong><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><strong style="font-size: x-large;">(1)</strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Tommy Corcoran, a senior from Cincinnati, also congratulated the general and spoke with pride of how the university had a part in the Union victory, stating that <i>“[p]riests, sisters, professors and students have gone out from their quiet places, and have become part in your grand armies; and a feeling of glory goes up in our souls as we remember that we, too, have a share in your renown.”</i> (2)</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The general’s nephew, Tom Ewing, then spoke on behalf of the junior department. He first poked fun at the seniors, saying that most of them were going to be doctors so that they could <em>“kill other people without endangering their own lives,”</em> while the rest would become lawyers so that they <em>“may be smart enough to find excuses for avoiding all coming drafts.”</em> His fellow juniors, though, he proudly declared, <em>“have unanimously and solemnly resolved…to be soldiers…[and] Major Generals, also.”</em> He then alluded touchingly to the general’s favorite son, stating, <em>“You have come here, we know, to visit the halls where </em><a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/2013/10/150-years-ago-our-little-sergeant-death.html"><em>Willy</em></a><em> studied, the groves where he played, and the boys who were his friends—a title we are proud to claim.”</em> (3)</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The general was deeply moved and assured the audience that the boys at Notre Dame were dear to him. Sherman declared that, under the circumstances, he would rather <em>“fight a respectable battle in behalf of the nation’s rights, than make a speech now,”</em> adding, <em>“[b]ut it is clear that you expect me to say something and I don’t want to disappoint you.”</em> He then delivered some unprepared remarks (his trademark), commenting on his own youth and the need for self-reliance and referring often to the great national struggle:</span></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></em></strong>
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">Let me not forget that I was once a young man like those who have appeared before the audience on this day and occasion. You should be grateful that you are under such good instruction and guidance. You now have a pilot on board to guide you, but the time will come, and soon, when you will have to go forth into the great, dark seas alone, under your own guidance…</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></em></strong>
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">You must see to it that the ship is strong, the pilot true and the compass unerring…No one can tell when the ship might be wanted, when it will be required to go into action and even to do fighting for America. God knows there has been enough of fighting for a long spell, but it is the highest wisdom and the best policy…to be ready for that encounter at any moment…</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3kZxJIwPVGfLEms-EWeuxol86355cxPcEBZYEydSLcnLLfRsEZ7FYkFtCWRcYQXybRBYKf0SxsDg6lAnxmsT7LWb1MdrUvpsrhMk-vsFIUpJi2GLLhz40keEyfv9mnKS-MMkwY49ALdo/s1600/nd+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3kZxJIwPVGfLEms-EWeuxol86355cxPcEBZYEydSLcnLLfRsEZ7FYkFtCWRcYQXybRBYKf0SxsDg6lAnxmsT7LWb1MdrUvpsrhMk-vsFIUpJi2GLLhz40keEyfv9mnKS-MMkwY49ALdo/s320/nd+cover.jpg" width="208" /></a></div>
<strong style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: large;">But I ask you to remember that, although I have no more than ordinary abilities such as any of you possess, I had not forgotten to take care of the ship and that I trusted in the pilot—in myself. I relied upon my own courage and foresight and in my devotion to the good old cause, to the Union, to truth, to liberty and, above all, to the God of battles…</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></em></strong>
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">So I call upon the young men here to be ready to at all times to perform bravely the battle of life…A young man should always stand in his armor, with his sword in hand and his buckler on.</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The general concluded by promising the young men assembled that he would <em>“always regard you and your pursuits with interest,”</em> with confidence that <em>“each of you will try to make your careers honorable as well as successful,”</em> and then he then bade them farewell. (4)</span></strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Notes:</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>(1) <em>Chicago Evening Journal</em>, June 16, 1865.</strong></div>
<div align="LEFT">
<strong>(2) Ibid</strong></div>
<div align="LEFT">
<strong>(3) Ibid.<br />(4) “General Sherman at Notre Dame” in Wilson D. Miscamble, ed., <em>Go Forth and Do Good: Memorable Notre Dame Commencement Addresses</em> (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), 46–47.</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>Note: Sherman's speech is the first of many in the wonderful book cited above: <em>Go Forth and Do Good: Memorable Notre Dame Commencement Addresses</em> by Fr. William D. Miscamble (University of Notre Dame Press, 2003). It includes more than two dozen addresses from 1865 through 2001.</strong></div>
</span></span>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-77115295835410908222015-04-27T06:41:00.003-07:002015-04-27T06:41:41.092-07:00"The Avenger of Lincoln" - A Patent Medicine Connection<strong>This post originally appeared in 2012 as the last in a 5-part series on the W. W. Gavitt Medical Co. of Topeka, Kansas. It is re-posted on the 150th anniversary of the death of John Wilkes Booth, who was shot by cavalryman Boston Corbett - a review of a very recent book on Corbett is also added.</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">BOOTH'S SLAYER LIVING<br />Boston Corbett Who Killed the Assassin of Lincoln<br />Selling Patent Medicine</span></strong></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<strong>- (Fort Wayne, IN, <em>Sentinel </em>- August 31, 1901)</strong></div>
<br />
<br />
<strong>In this post on Topeka's W. W. Gavitt Medical Company, I relate an interesting story that connects the Gavitt company to the Civil War, specifically the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the hunt for John Wilkes Booth.</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdjNHdk3AWwZK6UUdpykttYDha3rdyX0jyi2JSV4F9cW5pbteobws227B1igXZ9XQ7JudIbqtefox_xb7E8LNkRcz03eHLtSg3zc6YJAc4lq39vnHsQ97yFTIEyOIRcB1rGmd8g_j7A74/s1600/corbett.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdjNHdk3AWwZK6UUdpykttYDha3rdyX0jyi2JSV4F9cW5pbteobws227B1igXZ9XQ7JudIbqtefox_xb7E8LNkRcz03eHLtSg3zc6YJAc4lq39vnHsQ97yFTIEyOIRcB1rGmd8g_j7A74/s1600/corbett.jpg" height="320" width="244" /></a></div>
<strong>Recall from </strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/03/topekas-medicine-man-w-w-gavitt-part-1.html" target="_blank"><strong>Part I</strong></a><strong> that the Gavitt company relied on "jobbers" - that is, agents, to sell their medicines door-to-door - and gave particular attention to enlisting the support of Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R., the leading Union Civil War veterans' organization) leaders and ministers.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Imagine then how pleased Gavitt must have been, then, to learn that Boston Corbett - the man who shot Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth, when Booth was finally cornered in a burning barn - was one of his salesman!</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Except that he wasn't. Which makes it a story as interesting (if not more so) than if he was!</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>First, some details about Corbett, whose life after that event was tragic:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>After being discharged from the army in August 1865, Corbett went returned to his pre-war occupation of being a hatter, moving from Boston to Connecticut to New Jersey. For reasons unknown (although some speculate it may have been due to mercury poisoning, a chemical which was used in hat-making at the time), he began to display erratic behaviour, such as threatening fellow veterans at a reunion in Ohio in 1875. In 1878, Corbett moved to Concordia, Kansas, and - owing to his fame as Booth's killer - was appointed assistant doorkeeper of the Kansas House of Representatives in Topeka. He again displayed erratic and threatening behaviour, brandishing a revolver when the house was in session. He was arrested and sent to the Topeka Asylum for the Insane. On May 26, 1888, he escaped from the asylum. He stayed briefly with a friend in Kansas, telling him that he intended to go to Mexico; one theory holds that Corbett settled in Hinckley, Minnesota, and is presumed to have died in the "Great Hinckley Fire" of September 1, 1894.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>However, in the late summer of 1901, newspaper articles around the country carried reports that Boston Corbett was not dead at all, but rather a "jobber" for W. W. Gavvitt Medical Co., selling his medicines door-to-door in Texas an Oklahoma (avoiding Kansas as he was an escapee from the asylum).</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Typical were these headlines in newspapers from Indian, Iowa, and Kansas:</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The Avenger of Lincoln a Traveling Salesman</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">for a Firm in Topeka Kansas</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">SLAYER OF JOHN WILKES BOOTH</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">NOW A DRUMMER</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Works for Topeka Firm</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">He Was Recently Reported Dead</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">But Had Only Escaped From an Insane Asylum</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Was a Religious Fanatic</span></strong></div>
<br />
<strong>According to the newspaper reports:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">"He worked for the Gavitts a long time before they associated him with the man who shot Booth. Finally they suspected his identity and he acknowledged that hewas Boston Corbett in a letter written to the firm some months ago. W. W. Gavitt says he is an excellent salesman and that he has always made money for himself and the firm."</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>There is a an excellent summary of what happened next in a discussion group thread </strong><strong>at the website, </strong><a href="http://lincoln-assassination.com/"><strong>Lincoln-Assassination.com</strong></a><strong>:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em>"The record is not clear whether Gavitt fed information about Boston Corbett to the salesman, or whether Gavitt drew the information from him. James O. Hall always maintained that Gavitt provided the facts and the drummer soaked them up. By the turn of the 20th Century the newspapers picked up the tale and it was soon stated that the real Boston Corbett was still alive. They also mentioned that he would be entitled to receive a pile of pension money.</em></strong><br />
<strong><em></em></strong><br />
<strong><em>Eventually, John Corbett was put in touch with Judge George A. Huron, the Topeka-based guardian of Boston Corbett’s estate. Huron had been trying to find out what happened to Boston Corbett after his 1888 escape and disappearance. Huron and John Corbett wrote for quite a while and Corbett finally admitted that he was the object of his search. Huron promised to help Corbett get the back pension. He tried to get Corbett to come to Topeka, but Corbett stated that he was worried that he would be returned to the asylum. Corbett stated that he would come to Gavitt’s home office, but kept finding excuses for not coming to Topeka.</em></strong><br />
<strong><em></em></strong><br />
<strong><em>Huron soon became suspicious of the indentification, however. The real Boston Corbett was literate and wrote in a fine hand; the drummer could barely string together a full sentence and his spelling was very poor. Corbett was vague on some of the details of his life in Kansas, and glossed over the story of his past. Huron pressed the case, getting Corbett to sign an official affidavit as part of the pension application. In the dead of a harsh winter, Huron and a lawman travelled to Texas to confront Corbett. What they found was a large, tall, broad shouldered man. He was much different from the slight former cavalryman. He was also several years younger than Boston Corbett would have been.</em></strong><br />
<strong><em></em></strong><br />
<strong><em>John Corbett was arrested for attempted pension fraud, tried and sentenced to the new U.S. Prison in Atlanta. He served several years and dropped from sight after he was released from jail."</em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>[Note: The story was also the subject of a short article in a 1991 issue of <em>Civil War Time Illustrated</em>]</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>So, the Gavitt salesman was <em>not</em> Boston Corbett after all, but it's still an interesting story and an example of how patent medicine firms would use any kindof publicity to increase their sales!</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Corbett is the subject of a recent (April 2015) and very good biography, which covers the Gavitt and pension fraud angle very well - the book is: <em><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Madman-Assassin-Strange-Boston-Corbett/dp/1613730187/" target="_blank">The Madman and the Assassin: The Strange Life of Boston Corbett, the Man Who Killed John Wilkes Booth</a></span></em> and my review is below:</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>4/5 stars</strong><br />
<strong><em></em></strong><br />
<strong><em>"Boston Corbett is a character, and no mistake."</em> - <em>Cleveland Leader</em>, Sept 6, 1865</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Thank you to the kind folks at Chicago Review Press for the review copy.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>"The Madman and the Assassin" is an interesting book about an important player in the saga of the Lincoln Assassination: cavalryman Boston Corbett, who shot and mortally Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth, who was cornered in a burning Virginia barn.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6QdfIbprZalP3nZ_ADfh3Ft7mip3ktOjC8TsSv8g5qMiEnH3n5HVMs_w0BhN-CRRH9CIGnOwN8yRtJcS0xBO4DVcPdfbKxHoU-D4Sxxc2qlmVHEyCauuWBoxy9Lv2a9pgvdY75k3VtI/s1600/corbett2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6QdfIbprZalP3nZ_ADfh3Ft7mip3ktOjC8TsSv8g5qMiEnH3n5HVMs_w0BhN-CRRH9CIGnOwN8yRtJcS0xBO4DVcPdfbKxHoU-D4Sxxc2qlmVHEyCauuWBoxy9Lv2a9pgvdY75k3VtI/s1600/corbett2.jpg" height="320" width="227" /></a></div>
<strong>Honestly, I was prepared to give the book only 3 stars based on the first 2/3 of the book - as with many other 19th century Americans, details on Corbett's early life are understandably hard to come by, but the author does well in sketching his pre-war background and his chapter on Corbett's experience at Andersonville is very strong; Civil War enthusiasts may grow impatient (as I did) with the middle 1/3 of the book, if they are at all familiar with the tale of Booth's plot, the assassination, and/or the manhunt for Booth; that said, the middle third - with nary a mention of Corbett for 60 pages - is written in tight and lively prose, and will appeal to those who aren't as familiar with the story. His forays into tangential subjects - hat making, the Great Awakening, are interesting and short enough that they do not interrupt the flow of the book.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>The last 1/3 really makes the book and easily earns it 4 stars overall - a very strong and sympathetic (but not hagiographic) look at a haunted man, and really tragic in the description of his ailments (most brought on from his imprisonment at Andersonville), his own paranoia, his unemployment, and bullying in the press. Among the more interesting aspects were the lengths he had to go to secure a well-deserved pension, even w/ the aid of some powerful political allies - pity the poor veteran who did not have them and had to deal with the bureaucracy of the Pension Bureau. The tale of Corbett's disappearance and supposed re-appearance is the stuff of (incredible) fiction, but is well-documented and well written and must-reading. The descriptions of his periodic reunions with former comrades are also interesting.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Martelle makes great use of Corbett's pension records, period newspapers, and especially the Corbett-Huron Collection at the Kansas State Historical Society to bring the story to life, and his endnotes provide additional illumination (particularly the disappointment in not being able to access long-sealed medical records).</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>A highly recommended look at the tragic postwar life of a Civil War veteran.</strong>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-8933125878599038722015-04-23T21:05:00.001-07:002015-04-23T21:05:18.783-07:00150th Anniversary - Abraham Lincoln Funeral Train<b>Note: A <a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/06/six-feet-under-visit-to-national-museum_03.html" target="_blank">version of this post</a> originally appeared in June 2011 as one of a multi-part series on my visit to the National Museum of Funeral History in Houston, TX - it has been updated with a few additional photographs, some new links, and a book review.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"With the waiting depot, the arriving coffin,</i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>and the sombre faces,<br />With dirges through the night,</i></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>with the thousand voices rising strong and solemn;"</i></span></b><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br />- Walt Whitman, "When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloom'd" </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">This week marks the 150th anniversary of the "Lincoln Funeral Train"</span> - a journey from Washington, DC, to Springfield, IL, that stretched from April 21, 1865 to May 3, 1865.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>Many towns along the original route are <a href="http://www.pennlive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/04/anniversary_of_the_lincoln_fun.html" target="_blank">holding commemorations</a>.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>In 2011, I had the great privilege of visiting the <a href="http://nmfh.org/" target="_blank">National Museum of Funeral History</a> in Houston, TX.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>The museum has one of only three scale replicas of the Lincoln Funeral Train crafted by Dr. Wayne Wesolowski. You can learn about his funeral train replica project at "Abraham Lincoln Online" here and by reading his booklet, <i>The Lincoln Train is Coming</i>, which describes Lincoln's funeral arrangements and the trip from Washington to Springfield.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Photos of the scale model and period photos are below.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvxLhlLmU1u1HJv0O0DdZ6VNlA-Ysoar-auqLzycBCA3qjCICZJ9bVHMSOOzuXPbcFgXKGQnKrlx2r8-bIR4RK_lf_7m8Zyle9Au-ROS3YPBoPT48pd8ijAbLNnIpnrknwCABCE6ozCok/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvxLhlLmU1u1HJv0O0DdZ6VNlA-Ysoar-auqLzycBCA3qjCICZJ9bVHMSOOzuXPbcFgXKGQnKrlx2r8-bIR4RK_lf_7m8Zyle9Au-ROS3YPBoPT48pd8ijAbLNnIpnrknwCABCE6ozCok/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+006.jpg" height="262" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWMSJl90MtPH-6hU4ISeP_BT2emcjOwMfdJbtGh_UKGzh0Ua1vxcmFe_4oyWPFojcWhByZWvN-OMoU1m5xLyIxLEsId1FsxQqc9nGepcVw9aNLHaw6oewdnRhitJtsmDblz_uD9HsfJU/s1600/hearse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWMSJl90MtPH-6hU4ISeP_BT2emcjOwMfdJbtGh_UKGzh0Ua1vxcmFe_4oyWPFojcWhByZWvN-OMoU1m5xLyIxLEsId1FsxQqc9nGepcVw9aNLHaw6oewdnRhitJtsmDblz_uD9HsfJU/s1600/hearse.jpg" height="311" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUpwJPf8y8-grw7rd9DpSpYv9V2-4MHE4RNtko7j-yniZD6lY1_n1VJI8HYAqKbDyo1yiHpT07C6WYCit-w0ueeM0v-kQLaexdlM8Ymy1764_7QSZli4u4avW8fJS-tUvbKOQRNElDI5g/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUpwJPf8y8-grw7rd9DpSpYv9V2-4MHE4RNtko7j-yniZD6lY1_n1VJI8HYAqKbDyo1yiHpT07C6WYCit-w0ueeM0v-kQLaexdlM8Ymy1764_7QSZli4u4avW8fJS-tUvbKOQRNElDI5g/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+004.jpg" height="248" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6a8xMtLhm2cHA6yTolaVacUo9O4LYMs_tJ47715XDUkbmsNFtCaED8VVFjH1m0Z_IB2aR28sQ-6FEpT-SO5uma30dsartMEO0Iv1R-X0hoCFu8A5NfB54KQaU1W72UVCn1n1uH6QNZc/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6a8xMtLhm2cHA6yTolaVacUo9O4LYMs_tJ47715XDUkbmsNFtCaED8VVFjH1m0Z_IB2aR28sQ-6FEpT-SO5uma30dsartMEO0Iv1R-X0hoCFu8A5NfB54KQaU1W72UVCn1n1uH6QNZc/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+007.jpg" height="252" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFj3cai9RbUo2yLEEpAZG_hrLUeET7uVDcd3tM53egKjrzgg42bZBFNWyRYaDZp7ivYmE82l2KXh1DALdWFMRcbTtd46evSLXfSs7GqcK7M-tEQLSdC2AsuHZrvc8JFamDgrqY-hT7XAE/s1600/LincolnCarFuneral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFj3cai9RbUo2yLEEpAZG_hrLUeET7uVDcd3tM53egKjrzgg42bZBFNWyRYaDZp7ivYmE82l2KXh1DALdWFMRcbTtd46evSLXfSs7GqcK7M-tEQLSdC2AsuHZrvc8JFamDgrqY-hT7XAE/s1600/LincolnCarFuneral.jpg" height="237" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrpqNu5hwcA91xgzoEDDJ9v-gy90OfrwkhJ5YlKf0RkcZPGJrFwvZHWx6sLOMZGLmzqZ_vGY8fOMHFr7XTuc3DoMAgJXWySv1aJQK31kUXiNQwjI9ojAgzSF3ICj_5XkZgjPlk_P4QcI/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrpqNu5hwcA91xgzoEDDJ9v-gy90OfrwkhJ5YlKf0RkcZPGJrFwvZHWx6sLOMZGLmzqZ_vGY8fOMHFr7XTuc3DoMAgJXWySv1aJQK31kUXiNQwjI9ojAgzSF3ICj_5XkZgjPlk_P4QcI/s1600/Natl+Mus+Funeral+Hist+005.jpg" height="373" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b> In addition to Dr. Wesolowski's booklet, I recently added another related book to my collection: <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Lincolns-Funeral-Train-Washington-Springfield/dp/076434594X/" target="_blank"><i>Lincoln's Funeral Train: The Epic Journey from Washington to Springfield</i></a></span> (2014) by Robert M. Reed.</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>My review is below:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>4 stars</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>This book is a really nice addition to my collection of Lincoln-related books, esp. those concerning his assassination and its aftermath. Very good production quality - loads of period photographs and engravings and interesting artifacts or ephemera, all very well re-produced on paper - lively, interesting, and well-documented narrative of the train's journey from beginning in Washington, DC, to its end in Springfield, IL. Will be of great interest to history enthusiasts and others in some of the major cities along the route which are well-documented in this book through newspaper or first-hand accounts. Really quite amazing that a nearly 2,000 mile journey with dozens and dozens of stops - major and minor - was able to stay on schedule. A few minor criticisms, but they do not detract from the overall quality of the book: a) could have used a better editor or proofreader's hand - there are some misspellings, grammar issues, etc., throughout; b) some of the photos or documents featured in the book are at best tangential to the funeral train; others have absolutely no place in the book; c) some of the featured items from auction houses such as Skinner include appraised values - found this disconcerting and wondered if the book was written to appeal to collectors of Lincolnia more than the average reader. All said, a really interesting and well-illustrated volume - a good companion for the 150th anniversary of this tragic event. </b></div>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-50095473888755939122015-04-21T10:17:00.005-07:002015-04-21T10:17:51.906-07:00April 21, 1865 - "Mournful Intelligence" - A Notre Dame Student-Soldier Learns About Lincoln's Assassination <strong>Cross-posted from my <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Notre Dame in the Civil War</a> blog:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>I have featured information about Orville T. Chamberlain - a Notre Dame graduate, Union soldier in the 74th Indiana infantry, and Medal of Honor recipient - several times here on the blog (see <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/2011/03/march-4-1861-lincolns-inauguration.html" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/2013/09/150-years-ago-today-notre-dame-hero-at.html" target="_blank">here</a>, and <a href="http://notredamecivilwar.blogspot.com/2010/12/christmas-eve-1864-for-notre-dame.html" target="_blank">here</a>).</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Indeed, my book - <em><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Notre-Dame-Civil-War-Marching/dp/1596298790/" target="_blank">Notre Dame and the Civil War: Marching Onward to Victory</a></span></em> - starts with an excerpt from a letter Chamberlain wrote as a student, dated March 4, 1861, in which he describes how the school had the afternoon off in honor of the inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>It's fitting, then, to share one of his last wartime letters - dated April 21, 1865 - 150 years ago today - and written to his father from his camp about nineteen miles from Raleigh, NC, in which he discusses several pieces of news:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">"Quite a brisk skirmish"</span></em> near Clayton, NC, on April 10, 1865</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>The announcement of Lee's surrender to Grant - <em><span style="font-size: large;">"the camp was full of excitement and joy"</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>His visit to the state house in Raleigh - <em><span style="font-size: large;">"better than the capitol of Indiana or Georgia, but no so good as that of Tennessee."</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>His interaction with a local Confederate family and their daughter</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>and - a solemn bookend to his March 4, 1861, letter, this:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">Since we came here we received the Gen. Sherman's Order announcing the assassination of President Lincoln. The mournful intelligence was received by our army with feelings of mingled rage and sorrow. If the perpetrator of the damnable deed were here, he would be torn into a thousand tatters. We all wanted to see Abraham Lincoln live to see the fruits of his labors, and we wanted to honor in the future his honesty and his wisdom.</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>and a quote from Macbeth:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Besides, this Duncan bore his faculties so meek,<br />He was so clear in his great office, that his virtues<br />Plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against<br />The deep damnation of his taking-off;</em></span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>and - finally - closing with a note of peace and hope:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em>"...it is probable that I will live to get home."</em></span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Reference: Letter, Orville Chamberlain to Joseph Chamberlain, August 23,1862, Chamberlain Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, Indiana Historical Society (IHS)</strong> <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMq7Fg5IqlqjviCEMdvjQ1DauOuWRAZCoNh-YQ1OisLCvYUpdqT7yYv4AYpGtvPZT0UAP0Cw2mXFcmOSTxFNwAU31EMiO_ImDJR0A5yq4xoEJDK4xEwaJv4i_f0bfTxpL3UhT9Xws3U8/s1600/chamberlian+letter+1865+compress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMq7Fg5IqlqjviCEMdvjQ1DauOuWRAZCoNh-YQ1OisLCvYUpdqT7yYv4AYpGtvPZT0UAP0Cw2mXFcmOSTxFNwAU31EMiO_ImDJR0A5yq4xoEJDK4xEwaJv4i_f0bfTxpL3UhT9Xws3U8/s1600/chamberlian+letter+1865+compress.jpg" height="400" width="393" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Letter, Orville Chamberlain to father, April 21, 1865, Indiana Historical Society</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-16920117634437178202015-01-30T11:58:00.000-08:002015-01-30T11:58:22.511-08:00The Sugar-Coated Pill of Secession (and Other Civil War Patriotic Covers)<strong>In previous posts (</strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/01/picture-is-worth-thousands-words.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>here</strong></span></a><strong>, </strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/12/union-bitters-and-dr-scotts-pills-more.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>here</strong></span></a><strong>, and </strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/01/picture-is-worth-thousand-words-part-ii.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>here</strong></span></a><strong>) I have written about my interest in Civil War patriotic covers (envelopes), especially those that have a medicine-related theme.</strong> <br />
<br />
<strong>In this post, a share some additions to my collection since I last wrote about them as well as an article about medicine- and bottle-related covers that I had the privilege of writing for <em><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/07/bottles-and-extras-aka-bottles-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Bottles & Extras</span></a></em>, the official magazine of the </strong><a href="http://www.fohbc.org/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors</span></strong></a><strong> (FOHBC).</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>First, a couple of new covers! Both have a "pill" theme - a common motif in medicine-related covers (see more on this in the article below). I really like the "Cure for Rebellion" cover as it's my first (and only, for now) "used" cover (generally more difficult to find and/or more expensive than unused covers).</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVRGw4O6tUxueIir1yCUj0RkLlgDyf-h3RbaBkPh9yjOBXnJtNd4k9GhiIDmGusIbx117DePzo4_JzcVPvfy-JCuR4Cd2OwrmNMdtFb7FVdkafJERtE8GXaEL4WfDt5VMJq4XSXnnju8Q/s1600/005z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVRGw4O6tUxueIir1yCUj0RkLlgDyf-h3RbaBkPh9yjOBXnJtNd4k9GhiIDmGusIbx117DePzo4_JzcVPvfy-JCuR4Cd2OwrmNMdtFb7FVdkafJERtE8GXaEL4WfDt5VMJq4XSXnnju8Q/s1600/005z.jpg" height="226" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq57AG3Pu1BATo6xtlFb5DYl3lMYlokr1Ry84Si-XRmF-LUe1e_tdzWG5Emp8MCBOAHAkowoAsY6P6GIAW2iOzKS6hYGVLBQ4MN3fxc2grnoAtbdBqJYWydys_j1hGwEdRqBL78dXCoKQ/s1600/grandma+davis2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq57AG3Pu1BATo6xtlFb5DYl3lMYlokr1Ry84Si-XRmF-LUe1e_tdzWG5Emp8MCBOAHAkowoAsY6P6GIAW2iOzKS6hYGVLBQ4MN3fxc2grnoAtbdBqJYWydys_j1hGwEdRqBL78dXCoKQ/s1600/grandma+davis2.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<strong></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>The "Sugar-Coated Pill" above is also very good and carries several motifs: again, the "pill" (this time in terms of "taking one's medicine" rather than a bullet, with the added emphasis on "sugar-coated" - making something unpleasant more palatable; also - lampooning Jefferson Davis (another common theme described in article below); and, finally, some political commentary on the initial reluctance of Virginia to secede coupled with the reward of securing the designation of Richmond as the capital of the Confederacy (taking it over from Montgomery, Alabama).</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Enjoy the article!</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">“Lincoln’s Renowned Rebel Exterminator”<br />Civil War Patriotic Covers with Bottle or Medicine Themes<br />By James M. Schmidt</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Bottles & Extras</em> - July/Aug 2014</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong>It’s funny how two or more hobbies can collide to form an entirely new one. Such it was when </strong></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvUuV-2EzCrlrdf61xZ4D6-wn6QJI_GXIBZ_JhdGPMmDoatv_fQJSLyS3yvp_WmF4pd1Skcl_rOcb3WfATK3DMso5kXyQtpp4uyRKzeKja4KjSptrP_z9CkYFxSZ4NHxozVojbZVJYAk/s1600/pone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvUuV-2EzCrlrdf61xZ4D6-wn6QJI_GXIBZ_JhdGPMmDoatv_fQJSLyS3yvp_WmF4pd1Skcl_rOcb3WfATK3DMso5kXyQtpp4uyRKzeKja4KjSptrP_z9CkYFxSZ4NHxozVojbZVJYAk/s1600/pone.jpg" height="320" width="235" /></a></strong></div>
<strong>no less than five of my special interests – Civil War history, bottles, patent medicines, postal history, and 19th century ephemera – combined in the form of collecting Civil War patriotic covers featuring bottles and/or medicine themes. It’s an especially good time to feature these covers in the pages of this magazine as the country is presently commemorating the 150th anniversary of the war.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Civil War "patriotic covers" - that is, envelopes printed with mono- or multi-color images and/or slogans - have long been treasured and collected by philatelists and people interested in Civil War ephemera or postal history. The covers have also recently attracted interest from scholars who study postal history, 19th century art and popular culture, politics, political sloganeering and propaganda, and other related fields.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Besides their practical use for the mail, the images were intended to personalize, inspire, educate, amuse, anger, and elicit other emotions in wartime. It is estimated that between 10-15,000 different covers were designed and published by more than two hundred different printers, North and South, and sold by mail, in stores, by traveling salesmen, by camp sutlers, and other means.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcT2ODIxS8I6iEj6w2O8n2BUwlIWZScsEyTLSpMRgbFE_1WAYL1cvMnhb1y2D7H-EI6bcjILC0Cfbn-D7JXVIOsCMGZdVhUXbUg5p9AGHGiMqhdvqeR3of_Mo8c0LF2F94fGCkXkBbd18/s1600/baird2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcT2ODIxS8I6iEj6w2O8n2BUwlIWZScsEyTLSpMRgbFE_1WAYL1cvMnhb1y2D7H-EI6bcjILC0Cfbn-D7JXVIOsCMGZdVhUXbUg5p9AGHGiMqhdvqeR3of_Mo8c0LF2F94fGCkXkBbd18/s1600/baird2.jpg" height="400" width="368" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><strong>Typical
newspaper advertisement for wartime patriotic envelopes from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Big Blue Union</i>, Marysville, Kansas,
Feb. 21, 1863</strong></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong>As with bottles, the cost of acquiring patriotic covers depends very much on rarity and desirability. William R. Weiss, Jr., expert collector and author of the premier catalog of Civil War patriotic covers, states that prices for unused covers start around $5.00 and range into the hundreds of dollars. “Used” covers (addressed, stamped, and cancelled during the war) can run into the thousands of dollars. Mr. Weiss is confident that few fakes exist, but does acknowledge that some firms do sell reproductions as stationery, for living history displays, etc. (1).</strong></div>
<br />
<strong>Many of the images on the covers - of politicians, famous generals, and battle scenes - are readily familiar to us even today. However, some of the iconography or symbolism may be lost on a modern audience, yet was readily understood by Americans in the mid-19th century. Like any kind of art (and, indeed, that is what these covers are: many of them simple, but many more elegantly engraved and/or hand-colored), some of the images had a deeper meaning. To aid in interpretation of the covers, I highly recommend Steven Boyd’s <em>Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: The Iconography of Union and Confederate Covers</em> (2010). (2)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>The surprise – as I started collecting – wasn’t that there was a need to specialize; with thousands of covers, there is a plethora of categories to choose from (Weiss has categories of famous people, scenes, army corps and regiments, caricatures, animals, flags, male and female icons, and much more; each with subdivisions). The surprise is how many examples I have found that fit my rather narrow category; I continue to find new examples in online auctions, published catalogs, archival collections, and other sources.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>In this article I share some covers from my own collection (as well as covers in other collections I’d like to add to mine). Why not start with a favorite: “Lincoln as Pharmacist.” Indeed, presidents Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were popular subjects on patriotic covers as they personified their respective nations (on Union covers, Davis is generally lampooned and caricatured; likewise, Lincoln on Confederate covers).</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>In a nicely-engraved, multi-color cover, a beardless Lincoln appears in a red-and-white lab coat and blue star-filled cap. He is surrounded by “remedies” to Southern secession, with cleverly-named proprietary/patent medicines, including “Lincoln’s Renowned Rebel Exterminator,” “Scott’s Extirpation Powders”, “Butler’s Mineral Pills”, “Schenk’s Volatile Pills” (Scott, Butler, and Schenck were generals in the Union army), “Pure Refined National Elixir of Liberty,” and others. If you look closely, you’ll notice the likenesses of “Jeff Davis” and “(P.G.T.) Beauregard,” hanging by nooses and preserved in jars on a shelf.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixY2GNsrGCXcQJj-_Fhxqgg8ISo6L227hp6bIYVs70gOROGakA50JxQj2yLa-jEyMMH-BNynY5AOxs4ftpZUhqPMdG2rWgYUkUEebyZyAQhvcOl_26qjyCw2MwURSfGoYWhQhf3BON4Q/s1600/lincoln2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixY2GNsrGCXcQJj-_Fhxqgg8ISo6L227hp6bIYVs70gOROGakA50JxQj2yLa-jEyMMH-BNynY5AOxs4ftpZUhqPMdG2rWgYUkUEebyZyAQhvcOl_26qjyCw2MwURSfGoYWhQhf3BON4Q/s1600/lincoln2.jpg" height="227" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Lincoln as Pharmacist - James M. Schmidt Collection</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>Another popular national image was “Uncle Sam” such as below where he appears in covers featuring another clever “medicine” (“Uncle Sam’s Infallible Remedy for all Rebel-ious Complaints”) or holding a bottle labeled "Davis" as he stands over a snake labeled "Secession."</strong><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-oBeuLNW7RG-QqCITSHDhUQnb6cH9qcD6gsVQuHGXMSINfdCAUBhLW4QmnE2nik8lSuD06kzyHX5DAxQOup8-eBL4GgxBvnRdetMx75ga7FBtRwbcIPm51lMeFIb5h-UtHNlWHw8lxg/s1600/uncle+sam+remedy2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-oBeuLNW7RG-QqCITSHDhUQnb6cH9qcD6gsVQuHGXMSINfdCAUBhLW4QmnE2nik8lSuD06kzyHX5DAxQOup8-eBL4GgxBvnRdetMx75ga7FBtRwbcIPm51lMeFIb5h-UtHNlWHw8lxg/s1600/uncle+sam+remedy2.jpg" height="223" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Uncle Sam's Infallible Remedy - James M. Schmidt Collection</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVGl37OtX8tuSQ00Tzq-O4r7CGr89trl1ffJVYr886RKaf0BHkDuuwdbokJBM6NbYpr09nK7mrmyvlH389PkF6pC095C42xJlfSJ4GQlqHxXIyLYCpozNbGc4-EEnm9F426ntbwHe-leU/s1600/uncle+sam+recipe2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVGl37OtX8tuSQ00Tzq-O4r7CGr89trl1ffJVYr886RKaf0BHkDuuwdbokJBM6NbYpr09nK7mrmyvlH389PkF6pC095C42xJlfSJ4GQlqHxXIyLYCpozNbGc4-EEnm9F426ntbwHe-leU/s1600/uncle+sam+recipe2.jpg" height="220" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Uncle Sam's Recipe for Treason - James M. Schmidt Collection</span></strong></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>The covers below carry a theme of “pills” or “Lincoln’s pills,” a common moniker for bullets, balls, shot, and shell during the Civil War, given their resemblance to the shape of a pill. An example can be found in a letter from an Ohio soldier (3):</strong><br />
<br />
<em><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>“We crossed the stream and took shelter under the opposite bank just in time, for the rebel line dropped into a ditch about twenty-five feet in front of us. We were not long in giving them some of Lincoln’s pills and they returned Jeff’s best.”</strong></span></em><br />
<br />
<strong>Likewise, lines in a poem written by an Indiana soldier state (4):</strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">At New Hope Church and Dallas Hills<br />We gave them more of "Lincoln's pills”;<br />And with an aim that always kills,<br />To show them we have "powder drills."</span></em></strong></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwMIoQnhrbIyxBuc2qW4_F3s3kyYmVj5M0oXXO6WeAa344LBRBFqNz3l7-KPVwyj6gfpdbldgwARUJzgrja9NEsVCRGzaamm1tMTtvuDP5qXoun7YTWojxQ_02I5uGgvoUz-cY9h1xzCA/s1600/davis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwMIoQnhrbIyxBuc2qW4_F3s3kyYmVj5M0oXXO6WeAa344LBRBFqNz3l7-KPVwyj6gfpdbldgwARUJzgrja9NEsVCRGzaamm1tMTtvuDP5qXoun7YTWojxQ_02I5uGgvoUz-cY9h1xzCA/s1600/davis.jpg" height="221" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>A Grave Wish - Library of Congress</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mnKHfOhUSXfXYpU-5_mmhlIX5if3mYxRsFb48kmCJaBpUMnIVBDUqnJLZR4f9IJY-1-yYkh0tvmc_AlxKgF2VLBzaBxjTMXlauPy8DBFx9D08IJFe18SK84dnJKhoFSwRdDhF8mMOvI/s1600/grapes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mnKHfOhUSXfXYpU-5_mmhlIX5if3mYxRsFb48kmCJaBpUMnIVBDUqnJLZR4f9IJY-1-yYkh0tvmc_AlxKgF2VLBzaBxjTMXlauPy8DBFx9D08IJFe18SK84dnJKhoFSwRdDhF8mMOvI/s1600/grapes.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Lincoln's Pills - Library of Congress</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOM7lx3qd063_3jMtXhzMi3c88WLaHZ4ur5kzm-fPdVkAFazXA68bA-MnitpinmX_09_oZGcWIknN6aPvF8p5UYkOVw7DeGcA2BYwOh4pKnSS8ceytJo9QO4lqwOdd7dT0UPzV2Bziwcw/s1600/unionpill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOM7lx3qd063_3jMtXhzMi3c88WLaHZ4ur5kzm-fPdVkAFazXA68bA-MnitpinmX_09_oZGcWIknN6aPvF8p5UYkOVw7DeGcA2BYwOh4pKnSS8ceytJo9QO4lqwOdd7dT0UPzV2Bziwcw/s1600/unionpill.jpg" height="220" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>The Union Pill - James M. Schmidt Collection</strong> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtr_lKjClYPIHGRHOdwbzlHqcnGPdc6pfWrDfY4jeSj5z7q6B9RepQlGlm6kLNuAhaAsbJhyphenhyphenTEokAalyNxkgwiORa9rY8VqBx9sk7qZQv_nosDHMp6VEcrtNf41YCLZqGJOJdGuq3laJE/s1600/pilltocure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtr_lKjClYPIHGRHOdwbzlHqcnGPdc6pfWrDfY4jeSj5z7q6B9RepQlGlm6kLNuAhaAsbJhyphenhyphenTEokAalyNxkgwiORa9rY8VqBx9sk7qZQv_nosDHMp6VEcrtNf41YCLZqGJOJdGuq3laJE/s1600/pilltocure.jpg" height="222" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>To Cure Rebellion - James M. Schmidt Collection</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>Given that the abolition of slavery was an important aim of the Civil War, it is not surprising that African-Americans – free and enslaved – appear in patriotic covers. Below is an example of just such a cover, again with a medical theme. The "Black Drop" cover features a caricature of an African-American "bottled up" (enslaved) with the text: <em>"A popular medicine used by the C.S.A. aristocracy, that cannot be obtained in any Northern apothecary shop, being com-pound-ed exclusively on the sacred soil."</em> "Black Drop" is a reference to an actual period medicine composed of opium, vinegar, spices, often with sugar, that went by several proprietary names.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUmSGtOPZ2t_36Dm42R8l9OoiC9MaHui2tGpjSJgd7QYmmA2a88-DY1M2XO7p2o2_QI24pilbN49IekF3zsiHD5_h6kA5Fbq3lHHvQZbOFF3V0M2mdjkdmhGnmg6Cjyi1ck9R-nRgKCY/s1600/bottled2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUmSGtOPZ2t_36Dm42R8l9OoiC9MaHui2tGpjSJgd7QYmmA2a88-DY1M2XO7p2o2_QI24pilbN49IekF3zsiHD5_h6kA5Fbq3lHHvQZbOFF3V0M2mdjkdmhGnmg6Cjyi1ck9R-nRgKCY/s1600/bottled2.jpg" height="217" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Black Drop - Collection of James M. Schmidt</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong>While the cover features a message sympathetic to abolition, it also uses a cartoonish image of an enslaved African American, an all-too-common practice in the Civil War era, even in the North. Indeed, some covers used even more explicit racial epithets or dehumanizing imagery (a sad practice carried in medicine, bitters, and other bottle-related advertising into the 20th century). Other patriotic covers featured African-Americans in a realistic and humane manner.</strong></div>
<br />
<strong>I will close the article with another favorite of mine, which features the “Secession Physic Cure” with engravings of “powder,” “Union Bitters,” and “Dr. Scott’s Pills” and the verse:</strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">SECESSION PHYSIC CURE</span></em></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">To cure secession and its ills<br />Take Dr. Scott's Cast Iron Pills<br />Well mixed with powder of saltpetre<br />Apply it to each "Fire Eater"<br />With Union Bitters, mix it clever,<br />And treason is warned off forever</span></em></strong></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8b9ADDkxNlhAn45_UHblqq6PSayvP1E-4f2tFTM2pj_IZdwy6PcEPCjpDD4kH9X0O72vsA1rXpsvxG1XQBQGgbmuDFjEGvLZ1e_3kNoPDDbkZ0EKD0PV1fMUDKTNMiPJ6J_Ay7kYrjIA/s1600/physic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8b9ADDkxNlhAn45_UHblqq6PSayvP1E-4f2tFTM2pj_IZdwy6PcEPCjpDD4kH9X0O72vsA1rXpsvxG1XQBQGgbmuDFjEGvLZ1e_3kNoPDDbkZ0EKD0PV1fMUDKTNMiPJ6J_Ay7kYrjIA/s1600/physic.jpg" height="206" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Secession Physic Cure - Collection of James M. Schmidt</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>There are other bottle- and medicine-related Civil War patriotic covers, but I hope this sample has given readers a flavor for the art and meaning to be found in these interesting pieces of history.</strong> <br />
<br />
<strong>References</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>(1) William R. Weiss, Jr., <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/catalog-Union-Civil-patriotic-covers/dp/B0006F5QUI/" target="_blank">The Catalog of Union Civil War Patriotic Covers</a></em> (1995); also see his </strong><a href="http://www.ebay.com/gds/COLLECTING-CIVIL-WAR-PATRIOTIC-COVERS-/10000000001923381/g.html" target="_blank"><strong>collecting guide</strong></a><br />
<strong>(2) You can read my interview with Dr. Boyd </strong><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/01/picture-is-worth-thousand-words-part-ii.html" target="_blank"><strong>here</strong></a><br />
<strong>(3) <em><a href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofknoxcou00hill" target="_blank">History of Knox County Ohio</a></em> (1881)<br />(4) <em><a href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthirtyf00smit" target="_blank">A History of the Thirty-First Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry</a></em> (1900)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt5dTdwkFcdY54W1DcE_XlIOwuMi1lzO_OKR5tcfjfhedi6UnM-8keqKxUe2Pc4KTTHPWHPFcjf3l7EUUsyyYOffMGJWDjNzWxnUXrt0k6P9EL0ly3dayMIIAA9GmVJl593TOr5TiFiA8/s1600/cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt5dTdwkFcdY54W1DcE_XlIOwuMi1lzO_OKR5tcfjfhedi6UnM-8keqKxUe2Pc4KTTHPWHPFcjf3l7EUUsyyYOffMGJWDjNzWxnUXrt0k6P9EL0ly3dayMIIAA9GmVJl593TOr5TiFiA8/s1600/cover.jpg" height="320" width="246" /></a></div>
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-908057288527151982014-09-25T19:57:00.000-07:002014-09-25T19:57:57.135-07:00150 Years Ago Today, Everyday - Interview with Rudi Keller of the Columbia Daily Tribune<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYnufk76U0OqwnAYL2_jIAe5aweIMc7GuFOpONYSR5vPNwrC0bw6lJYLKjvNkDmBKTSEWx47nozjn3wtmi_mabYJGYmQmGixmwbllB8wiROdu9L61qKuObVYwKSPsaRgxtrt7YV0AH_W0/s1600/001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYnufk76U0OqwnAYL2_jIAe5aweIMc7GuFOpONYSR5vPNwrC0bw6lJYLKjvNkDmBKTSEWx47nozjn3wtmi_mabYJGYmQmGixmwbllB8wiROdu9L61qKuObVYwKSPsaRgxtrt7YV0AH_W0/s1600/001.jpg" height="400" width="186" /></a></div>
<b>As a Civil War enthusiast, one of the great joys I've had in the six-plus months I've lived here in central Missouri is reading the daily "Life During War Time" column in the<i> <a href="http://www.columbiatribune.com/" target="_blank">Columbia Daily Tribune</a></i>. It's right there on page 2 everyday: a few hundred words chronicling a variety of topics about the Civil War in the area, by date, in the words of the people who lived it.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/civil_war/150_years/years-ago-soldiers-and-civilians-killed-bodies-burned-in-guerrilla/article_6e817838-3ac5-5c76-b037-1c33a015ac78.html" target="_blank">column from Tuesday of this week</a></span> was a perfect example: a report of a guerrilla raid in the nearby river town of Rocheport; a successful capture of other bushwackers by Union militia in Fayette; a report on the vanguard of Confederate Major General Sterling Price's 1864 Missouri raid; fights over party nominations for the upcoming Congressional elections; and calls for the investigation of possible treason by a Union garrison in Keytesville that quickly surrendered to another band of guerrillas.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Rich material, that! And: <i>every</i> day!</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>We have <i>Tribune</i> writer Rudi Keller to thank for the daily recap and he was kind enough to answer some questions about his wonderful column!</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Jim Schmidt (JS): Please tell us a bit about yourself, including your career as a journalist and your interest in history</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwYC2ejwrbVeLO3sgFcyF_zD0XBZCM8OutG4CYbWwdCjgRD575XchRrViO_FhZ5xnWMuNzefmJBCKktRPGBj4ZIcH98q3udKtbBEq2_fIwoWk0aedJt9ATt2NUgKXxWaKmQKnTU4q9ZAg/s1600/rudi+keller.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwYC2ejwrbVeLO3sgFcyF_zD0XBZCM8OutG4CYbWwdCjgRD575XchRrViO_FhZ5xnWMuNzefmJBCKktRPGBj4ZIcH98q3udKtbBEq2_fIwoWk0aedJt9ATt2NUgKXxWaKmQKnTU4q9ZAg/s1600/rudi+keller.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rudi Keller - <i>Columbia Tribune</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Rudi Keller (RK): I am a native of Louisville, Ky., who came to Columbia in 1983 to attend the Journalism School, graduating in December 1986. I have worked for UPI, the </b></i><b>Tribune</b><i><b>, the </b></i><b>Albuquerque Journal</b><i><b> and the Cape Girardeau </b></i><b>Southeast Missourian</b><i><b>. I returned to Columbia to take a job again with the </b></i><b>Tribune</b><i><b> in August 2010.<br /><br />I have always been an avid reader of history and biography, preferring that to all other reading. It is a very general interest, from the Angevin Empire period of English history to ancient Greece and Rome to the Napoleonic era, etc.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: What was the genesis of "Life During Wartime"? Was the challenge of writing something every day daunting? How far in advance is each column written?</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: Life During Wartime began as an idea to recognize the sesquicentennial of the Civil War that I developed in November 2010. I wrote an article at the beginning of that month to note the 150th anniversary of Lincoln’s election (he got 12 votes in Boone County) and decided we should provide our readers with a highly localized history.<br /><br />I was not sure whether a day-by-day look back at the war was possible when I had the idea, but a little bit of research showed that there was plenty to write about and it could start before Fort Sumter with articles about the politics of secession in Missouri. It has been a daunting job, consuming almost all my free time to the point that I am jealous of any other thing that takes me away from it when I am not working on current news.<br /><br />My goal is to write each column 3 to 10 days before it is published, with research into my main sources extended three weeks beyond the date of each column so I don’t miss things appearing in weekly newspapers, especially reprints of articles from papers that have not survived to be part of the State Historical Society collection.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: Can you describe the geographical area of MO to which you generally limit yourself, and why this is such fertile ground for exploring daily life in wartime Missouri.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvfZWbvY7z08nBszorcu9aSM6QqgEkPqB4sCiRK6MqSlVfr_tSIvbwz9PZWy5VI1-Qictk5VObb9AQ91XdDfiWMU3WCZHGlMAM0C2g80bYfXEkXAhz4HrlbRVW5xSumBtD1w9fgyW2dqc/s1600/map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvfZWbvY7z08nBszorcu9aSM6QqgEkPqB4sCiRK6MqSlVfr_tSIvbwz9PZWy5VI1-Qictk5VObb9AQ91XdDfiWMU3WCZHGlMAM0C2g80bYfXEkXAhz4HrlbRVW5xSumBtD1w9fgyW2dqc/s1600/map.jpg" height="400" width="389" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: Once I had the idea for a day-by-day format, I had to decide the area I would cover. Boone County alone was too small, so I added the seven surrounding counties – Audrain, Callaway, Cole, Cooper, Howard, Moniteau and Randolph. By adding Cole, for example, I opened up all the activities of the General Assembly, state government and the State Conventions to the basic elements I would research.<br /><br />Central Missouri is exceptionally fertile ground. In 1861, the first battle of the war in Missouri occurred at Boonville and in October, Secretary of War Simon Cameron visited Fremont near Tipton in Moniteau County to tell him to get after Gen. Price or lose his command.<br /><br />With a large slave population, deeply divided populace, men joining both armies and guerrilla raids, plus heavy enforcement of martial law I have not lacked for material. Often, the question is what to exclude to keep the account limited to the space allocated by the Tribune.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: You use a wide variety of sources - <i>Official Records</i>, period newspapers, county histories, biographies, and - my favorite - the <a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/index.shtml" target="_blank">State Historical Society of MO</a>. What have been some of your favorite manuscript collections you've come across?</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: Probably my favorite source is the <a href="http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/provost/" target="_blank">Provost Marshal Papers </a>available from the Missouri State Archives. Every aspect of life during the war is on display here – politicians seeking to help free friends from prison or banishment, widows complaining that troops were stealing corn and testimony from the prisoners themselves explaining their actions or seeking mercy.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>However, I have found so many interesting items in so many places, I could not say what has provided the most.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: What historical events or people have made the biggest impression on you so far in writing this column?</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: This is the toughest question because I have learned so much about so many people, some well known and some obscure. My estimation of Ulysses Grant, for example, has grown because he was so different from so many Union generals – he acted with what he had, didn’t complain about what he did not have and was almost always victorious. Grant was briefly a part of the series in 1861, when he was a colonel with only a suspected reputation as a drunk.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqIqfUUc8-uHbf9q1zexpqoOk0jdWhvGQygAOzzT8-DW8umR-vrQxA8bLr_YuAc9a4SzdiCOSRlI8HYQYex7S_OIc2rBLHzl5yH0B-8UH8RZcZ16j1-W8tOex23WF7CoqB4uC7eCYG2E/s1600/Odon+Guitar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqIqfUUc8-uHbf9q1zexpqoOk0jdWhvGQygAOzzT8-DW8umR-vrQxA8bLr_YuAc9a4SzdiCOSRlI8HYQYex7S_OIc2rBLHzl5yH0B-8UH8RZcZ16j1-W8tOex23WF7CoqB4uC7eCYG2E/s1600/Odon+Guitar+1.jpg" height="320" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odon Guitar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Odon Guitar, the Columbia attorney-turned soldier, is someone I knew little about. He was a hard-fighting cavalry leader who tried to make both sides in the civilian population behave, and he was successful as an administrator in that regard. When he was replaced in North Missouri, within a few months the worst and longest guerrilla insurgency of the war began and ended only when Price was defeated at Westport.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>There are too many others to go on.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: What events and personalities can readers look forward to in the coming months as we approach the end of the 150th anniversary of the Civil War?</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: The final months of the war will include election of a new Radical governor, emancipation of Missouri slaves and the writing of a new Constitution that includes the “Iron Clad Oath” of loyalty to prevent people from voting, teaching, preaching or working as a professional such as attorney or doctor unless they can prove they were loyal from the beginning of the war.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>We will also see the last convulsions of the guerrilla war, with the murder of freed slaves, Union atrocities against civilians, and the return of Confederates following the various surrenders.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<b>JS: Is there a good way for non-subscrbers to read some of the previous columns (they've been collected in books, by year, is that correct?)</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH4aIwhFiJpKuveKKgLF5ZiahqXYkdA2PQWp4BX8sq67IKjYZrCF4ybBOGUkU4b5FIkOEhVKTY47eqqRQat5p5NyTKZPRJT0TSYVPf3Ooga83ci_-aqT-ADsPZGV-2kHAStCsId4wJ0ZM/s1600/life+wartime.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH4aIwhFiJpKuveKKgLF5ZiahqXYkdA2PQWp4BX8sq67IKjYZrCF4ybBOGUkU4b5FIkOEhVKTY47eqqRQat5p5NyTKZPRJT0TSYVPf3Ooga83ci_-aqT-ADsPZGV-2kHAStCsId4wJ0ZM/s1600/life+wartime.jpg" height="400" width="298" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>RK: The columns for each year will eventually appear in a five-volume series of hardcover books, supplemented by photos and extra materials to explain and provide in-depth study of particular issues. So far, we have Volume I, covering 1861, and <a href="http://www.columbiatribune.com/dash/gooddeals/good-deals---life-during-wartime/article_390335e6-6bb7-11e2-9934-001a4bcf6878.html" target="_blank">Volume II</a>, covering 1862, available at the Tribune offices.</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Thank you Mr. Keller! Keep Up the Great Work and Best Wishes for Continued Success and Inspiration!</span> </b></div>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-41738793342786528292014-09-11T11:58:00.001-07:002014-09-11T11:58:26.859-07:00150 Years Ago - Yellow Fever Comes to Galveston<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<strong>This week marks the 150th anniversary of the beginning of a terrible yellow fever epidemic that struck Galveston, TX, during the Civil War. By the time the epidemic ended with the first frost in November 1864, more than 250 soldiers and civilians had died from the disease, with several times that sick and debilitated.</strong> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<strong>I'm so honored that the <em>Galveston County Daily News</em> saw fit to publish a feature article this week that I wrote for them to commemorate the anniversary. The article was based largely on a chapter in my book, <em><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Galveston-Civil-War-Island-Maelstrom/dp/1609492838/" target="_blank">Galveston and the Civil War: An Island City in the Maelstrom</a></span></em> (The History Press, 20102), that is devoted to the epidemic.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>I happily provide an extended excerpt of that chapter below, with illustrations and hyperlinks to relevant sources.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Chapter Ten<br />"Fever"</span></strong></div>
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">“We were attacked during the summer of 1864 by a silent and insidious enemy against which our heaviest guns availed nothing. The yellow fever invaded our camp and soon became epidemic, carrying off numbers who had courted death on numerous battlefields and endured the hardships of many campaigns, only to succumb at last to this dreaded scourge.”</span></em> - Ralph J. Smith, Private, Second Texas Infantry, CSA</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Dudley H. Ward was born in 1845 in Austin, Texas, to one of the state’s most notable citizens. His father, Thomas William “Peg Leg” Ward, was an Irish immigrant who fought in the Texas Revolution (losing a leg to a cannonball in his first battle in 1835; thus the moniker), served as mayor of Austin, state land commissioner, and as United States consul to Panama. As a teen, Dudley lived with his mother, Susan Marston Ward, but owing to his parents’ marital problems he returned to Texas with his father in 1860, forever estranged from his mother.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Although Thomas Ward was a Unionist and had cast a vote against secession in February 1861 (as did a majority of Austinites), Dudley succumbed to “war fever” and enlisted in the Second Texas Infantry of the Confederate States Army in late 1862. The regiment distinguished itself in the defense of Vicksburg, Mississippi, but the young Ward and his comrades became prisoners of war when their commander, Lt. Gen John C. Pemberton, surrendered to Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on July 4, 1863. Paroled a few days later, Dudley returned to Texas and stayed a few months with his father in Austin until he was officially exchanged in November. He then rejoined his regiment (much reduced in numbers) at Galveston in its mission to guard the Texas coast.</strong> <strong>(1)</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-j51kJtQ9q14Hn41BZhUsGeV-MDC-Z72oskpJcbAaZqvurbWKg7qgNJaJ941XJpaE6aZWFpE35GI1j_o4qME6jy_YIuP-2eRhaD3xCV834M9OgDcSYoaF_92YQZrLf7SIVdP0eHbqvQ/s1600/map2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-j51kJtQ9q14Hn41BZhUsGeV-MDC-Z72oskpJcbAaZqvurbWKg7qgNJaJ941XJpaE6aZWFpE35GI1j_o4qME6jy_YIuP-2eRhaD3xCV834M9OgDcSYoaF_92YQZrLf7SIVdP0eHbqvQ/s1600/map2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-j51kJtQ9q14Hn41BZhUsGeV-MDC-Z72oskpJcbAaZqvurbWKg7qgNJaJ941XJpaE6aZWFpE35GI1j_o4qME6jy_YIuP-2eRhaD3xCV834M9OgDcSYoaF_92YQZrLf7SIVdP0eHbqvQ/s1600/map2.JPG" height="400" width="253" /></a><strong>A faithful correspondent with his father, Dudley wrote in early September 1864 that he had just returned from a short trip to Houston only to learn from his comrades that he “had just got back in time to leave with the Regiment, which was ordered off on account of the yellow fever.” Dudley, “thinking there was not as much danger as they apprehended” went to his commanding officer, Col. Ashbel Smith, and secured permission to stay in Galveston. In the same letter, Dudley explained the reasons for his decision:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">I think that one will be just as liable to take the disease at camp which is only five miles off, as in the city. Besides, all the supplies will have to be brought from this post, and if a person happens to be sick in camp he will be almost sure to die from want of nurses, which I understand are more necessary to the cure of the fever than even medicine…and I think it better that if I am to have a visit from the fever it had better come at once when I am young and able to bear it. There is no certainty however that the yellow fever is here. There is a great diversity of opinion in regard to the matter...Which side to believe I do not know but will write to tell you with certainty in a few days as soon as the truth can be known, for I am going to stay and “see the elephant.”</span></em> (2)</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">[READ MORE ABOUT THE DUDLEY WARD LETTERS </span><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2011/07/galveston-research-summary-6-texas_19.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">HERE</span></a>]</strong></div>
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>In his letter, Dudley Ward was describing – and sadly underestimating - a deadly yellow fever epidemic that struck Galveston in the summer and autumn of 1864. The disease would take many more lives than his regiment lost in their defense of Vicksburg or that fell in Magruder’s victory on New Year’s Day 1863.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">“No disease brought more fear and more deaths to Galveston’s early residents than yellow fever,”</span></em> one modern historian has justly declared. No less than seven major epidemics struck the island city between 1837 and 1860, killing more than two thousand people. One early island historian, writing of the first epidemic in 1839 which claimed 250 lives, uses the fitting imagery of war to describe the scene:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">[The] busy scene of progressive life and animation was suddenly paralyzed and the energies of the people were instantly numbed by a dreadful fear, and friend looked into the face of friend, neighbor into the face of neighbor, with the fearful inquiry of ‘Who next?’ An epidemic had fallen upon them, and was decimating their ranks with a fatality more dreadful and irresistible than war.</span></em></strong> <strong>(3)</strong><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGFlENhi4bYHtXXR8uUp6tmI1PTH533iE0iR9Bn6OQWN-4GgSjdzF_EsOjK2AFu9-b3OCM3x94toYO7_lbpdKtnJ34hYFEeoDqhhWA3X6xdSGPHCa0-35mh87Vz-Vy6B3pylbkYdIfMc/s1600/1854+stone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGFlENhi4bYHtXXR8uUp6tmI1PTH533iE0iR9Bn6OQWN-4GgSjdzF_EsOjK2AFu9-b3OCM3x94toYO7_lbpdKtnJ34hYFEeoDqhhWA3X6xdSGPHCa0-35mh87Vz-Vy6B3pylbkYdIfMc/s1600/1854+stone.jpg" height="400" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Victim of an 1854 yellow fever epidemic buried in Galveston - photo by James M. Schmidt</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>In 1839, Dr. Ashbel Smith (the very same man who was Dudley Ward’s commander in 1864) was one of the state’s leading physicians and was present in Galveston during that year’s deadly epidemic. He treated the sick for several weeks, all the while taking copious clinical notes of his patients’ symptoms, postmortem examinations of victims, and his own experiments. In a treatise on the epidemic, Smith’s descriptions gave grim witness to why the disease engendered such “dreadful fear”: it came not just from the fact that people died; it came from the way they died: a gruesome days-long march to death with fever, nausea, pain, bleeding from the nose and gums, jaundice that gave the disease its name, and – especially - the signature “black vomit.”</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Smith’s treatise, <em>Yellow Fever in Galveston, Republic of Texas, 1839: An Account of the Great Epidemic</em>, was praised by scientists then and has even been acknowledged since by modern medical historians for its “essential clinical information.” Still, the actual cause of the disease remained a mystery to Smith, and would remain so for other physicians and scientists for another half-century. For, like other physicians of the era who attributed diseases to invisible “miasmas,” the otherwise talented Smith also believed in “unseen deadly poisons on the wings” of breezes that blew over the island. (4)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: red;">SEE AND READ DR. SMITH'S <em>YELLOW FEVER IN GALVESTON</em> HERE:</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/2572008R.nlm.nih.gov/2572008R#page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank"><img alt="https://archive.org/stream/2572008R.nlm.nih.gov/2572008R#page/n3/mode/2up" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhORjcz-tz2Hy5md4D2rtzaIdmT6Ddys5nTvW6mKfm7ZzBX7K1zVgi9kiOC2I5z0mCjcbXvoUaJD5GoMC7n5h9TnUrij8PJ3KOggeUbR9RMqE1giFnnHWO9-ohsuFnwXWb_IufvEclKldw/s1600/ashbel+smith+yf.jpg" height="400" width="253" /></a></div>
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-OrjPAg8BGlMaJLxixnx1J6EU69hdAtq4y2Hi6h71W7yqYYAmoyTyND-l1WbPiW9TTZIIrgpMpxTHye_wZEaz1l6aiZFG7tIk_BTC22b2jmwzVpdfKgizC7u-xp-nSEBGIIm16PJPngc/s1600/Aedes-aegypti_300px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-OrjPAg8BGlMaJLxixnx1J6EU69hdAtq4y2Hi6h71W7yqYYAmoyTyND-l1WbPiW9TTZIIrgpMpxTHye_wZEaz1l6aiZFG7tIk_BTC22b2jmwzVpdfKgizC7u-xp-nSEBGIIm16PJPngc/s1600/Aedes-aegypti_300px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-OrjPAg8BGlMaJLxixnx1J6EU69hdAtq4y2Hi6h71W7yqYYAmoyTyND-l1WbPiW9TTZIIrgpMpxTHye_wZEaz1l6aiZFG7tIk_BTC22b2jmwzVpdfKgizC7u-xp-nSEBGIIm16PJPngc/s1600/Aedes-aegypti_300px.jpg" /></a><strong>In fact, scientists discovered that yellow fever is a virus transmitted by the bite of the female <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquito. The disease was brought to the New World in cargoes of slaves from Africa. Indeed, yellow fever has been called one of the prices this country paid for slavery by abolitionists of the 19th century and historians of the present century. Once only the scourge of the ships themselves - sometimes decimating whole crews, their human cargo, or both - the virus soon began to devastate town after town on the eastern shore of the Americas. As a locus of the Gulf Coast slave trade, it is not surprising that Galveston also inherited the disease.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>To make matters worse, the citizens of Galveston were also ill-served by their city fathers, local physicians, and the press who seemed to have a congenital aversion to basic sanitation or to recognize and admit the early warning signs of an epidemic. Basic precautions such as draining stagnant pools of water and enforcing quarantines on incoming ships would have saved lives. Furthermore, when the “sickly season” arrived in Galveston each summer and rumors of yellow fever began to be whispered in the streets, it had been <em><span style="font-size: large;">“the usual custom of the newspapers…to ignore the evil or to imply that the epidemic was one of minor proportions,”</span></em> as one historian stated, all in order to preserve the island’s all-important trade and commerce. (5)</strong><br /><strong>During the Civil War, the disease-carrying insects – dubbed by one historian as “mosquito soldiers” - served as a sort of “mercenary force, a third army, one that could work for or against either side depending on the circumstances.” Owing to that “army” and the historical indifference to sanitation and quarantines on the island, yellow fever played a tragic role in the history of the Civil War in Galveston. (6)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: red;">[See my interview with Dr. Andrew Bell, author of <em>Mosquito Soldiers: Malaria, Yellow Fever, and the Course of the American Civil War</em> </span><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2010/08/medical-department-35-mosquitoes.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">here</span></a><span style="color: red;">]</span></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXT7U9RlvwQTv3UbjzmMSZ4H7h8C5Wm0BQI9FxyjyAAzDZIsZJXkOLXj6u8hVJ8MjlNPGqWW_8bAVC8KfmYpahImLy0I5qY0B2e72ITUeYe6MplouNEOBiDLGn05QDSraWbEEyrOPaL2I/s1600/Page+39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXT7U9RlvwQTv3UbjzmMSZ4H7h8C5Wm0BQI9FxyjyAAzDZIsZJXkOLXj6u8hVJ8MjlNPGqWW_8bAVC8KfmYpahImLy0I5qY0B2e72ITUeYe6MplouNEOBiDLGn05QDSraWbEEyrOPaL2I/s1600/Page+39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXT7U9RlvwQTv3UbjzmMSZ4H7h8C5Wm0BQI9FxyjyAAzDZIsZJXkOLXj6u8hVJ8MjlNPGqWW_8bAVC8KfmYpahImLy0I5qY0B2e72ITUeYe6MplouNEOBiDLGn05QDSraWbEEyrOPaL2I/s1600/Page+39.jpg" height="400" width="302" /></a><strong>On May 12, 1864, Confederate surgeon Gustav Holland wrote Brig. Gen. James M. Hawes, in command of the island garrison, of a letter he had been shown “from an old citizen of this place.” Dated April 30, 1864, from Havana, Cuba, the writer stated that <em><span style="font-size: large;">“a large number of cases of yellow fever had already occurred there and that they were of such malignant type as to justify the opinion that this would prove a very sickly season.”</span></em> The letter would prove prescient, indeed. (7)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>The letter from Havana also stated that the writer and others intended <em><span style="font-size: large;">“to run a regular line of steamers during the coming summer between Havana and this port.”</span></em> Ironically, the Union blockade probably saved lives in Galveston in the first years of the war by preventing some infected ships from reaching the island. But as the island’s port became one of the few still in Confederate hands, Holland admitted to Hawes that <em><span style="font-size: large;">“the necessities of the country and people are such that we cannot afford to prohibit this intercourse although we may reasonably suspect that it will expose us constantly to the danger of having yellow fever imported among us.”</span></em> (8)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>As a precaution, General Magruder issued an order on August 3, 1864, for a strict quarantine on all ships from the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, or New Orleans, until November 15, 1864. The next day – perhaps owing to protests from the city’s merchants – Magruder reduced the quarantine to eight days, and only for those ships coming from places known to be infected. As one historian declared, “these watered-down precautions would prove to be woefully inadequate.” The same historian – an expert in Galveston maritime history – has suggested that the 1864 epidemic was brought to Galveston on blockade runners from Havana. (9)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Soon, rumors of a yellow fever epidemic began hitting the streets and the usual pattern of denial by the city’s physicians and press prevailed. Greensville Dowell, M.D., a surgeon attached to a Texas artillery regiment, recalled:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">When [yellow fever] originated in Galveston, in 1864, I know it was disputed until there were at least seven deaths from black vomit, and four of our yellow fever doctors signed a statement that there were no cases in the city…I was threatened with a court-martial for declaring it was yellow fever. The positive assertions that it did not exist, kept many persons in the city who would have left, and prevented the post commander, General Hawes, from removing the troops out of the city.</span></em> (10)</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: red;">SEE AND READ DR. DOWELL'S BOOK HERE:</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/39002086312296.med.yale.edu#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank"><img alt="https://archive.org/stream/39002086312296.med.yale.edu#page/n5/mode/2up" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDbo7s8qg9_dFqNuznz2Si-xU7gbeUbQ3CPM6_Q_mrY9_I01eRZHxDAybHfvEKAK0K-BUwcurju5QidF8mLC2vrl0kRhHsKPxfDGu77Rxnqd4CFWfPx6zc2ZVwpLXtTGZa2y9tNW6Qjl8/s1600/dowell.jpg" height="400" width="243" /></a></div>
<br />
<strong>Like a veteran returning to an old battlefield, Col. Ashbel Smith - who had famously documented the 1839 epidemic – found himself in Galveston during other island yellow fever epidemics in 1847, 1853, 1854, and the wartime epidemic of 1864. He also complained of the delay, writing in a letter that, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“The army surgeons have appeared to much disadvantage, doubting and denying the existence of the disease, while persons are dying of black vomit in rapid succession…it was impossible for me to mistake so distinctly characteristic a disease.”</span></em> (11)</strong><br />
<br /><strong>In mid-September, Dudley Ward wrote his father, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“The physicians one and all have pronounced the prevailing disease yellow fever; there are upwards of a hundred cases of it and although it is in rather a mild form, of it two to five persons are buried every day."</span></em> According to Galveston internment records, the first official death credited to yellow fever (previous deaths were certainly misdiagnosed, perhaps purposely) was that of the Rev. H. Browning, a 40-year old minister from Germany, on September 5, 1864; the first soldier fell to the disease eight days later. The death toll then accelerated quickly, in a <em><span style="font-size: large;">“gradual, persistent and fatal march from house to house,”</span></em> as one doctor remembered. (12)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>The yellow fever hit the soldiers as hard as it did civilians: of the 259 yellow fever deaths recorded from September through November, 117 were soldiers and sailors, 126 were citizens of the city (split evenly between those ten years and younger and those older than ten), and sixteen were African-Americans. Among the soldiers, Dudley Ward’s regiment – the Second Texas Infantry – suffered the most, losing thirty-one men. In his memoirs, Ralph J. Smith, a private in the Second Texas with Ward, wrote of the epidemic:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">This was a time that tried men's souls beyond the test of battle shouts. No surging crowds of men to urge one on to victory or death yet now what heroic bravery it required to sit alone through the sad and silent watches of the night beside a plague-stricken-comrade's bed and minister to the dying wants of one whose very breath exhaled death into the surrounding atmosphere.</span></em> (13)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>SEE AND READ RALPH SMITH'S MEMOIR HERE:</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/reminisencesofci00smit#page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank"><img alt="https://archive.org/stream/reminisencesofci00smit#page/n3/mode/2up" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGU2431LJwvY_Ufi6oWQEDPzbvJTsUGXOf8NRPhV5Xi9GmCZiLqYUBgr1-VDzgNx0U4m0KV83icigdMngn4kcWPs2P0Sf6Ck1V9jvHTpuqHwraCyrtU8nkbafv6WSkmR8jZIDbe4ox06Y/s1600/ralph+smith.jpg" height="400" width="232" /></a></div>
<br />
<strong>On September 14, Gen. Hawes put out a call for help in the Houston Telegraph, asking citizens “to organize a corps of nurses for Yellow Fever patients” as there was not a sufficient number of “acclimated men” under his command to furnish the necessary nurses and attendants. Ralph Smith wrote kindly of the soldiers and women who attended to the sick:</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">But men were found in camp and women too in the city whose thoughts of self were drowned in other's cup of trembling so that not one was left to suffer and die alone. And here during this, epidemic was displayed equally as much heroism if not more than is required to go in to battle both by soldiers and also the good women of the city, true heroines indeed who so kindly cared for and ministered to the sick and dying soldiers.</span></em> (14)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>The epidemic also affected law and order in the city. If there was a dearth of “acclimated men” to assist in the hospitals, there were fewer still for guards and military police. Patrols of the city were necessarily neglected and burglaries, murders, and rapes increased. Undoubtedly some of the crimes were perpetrated by soldiers, further increasing tension between the city and the garrison.</strong><br />
<strong>Mercifully, the 1864 epidemic ended when late November brought heavy frosts.</strong><br />
<br /><strong>Despite the epidemic raging around him in the late summer of 1864, Dudley Ward declared cheerfully in a letter to his father, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“my health continues to be good and I hope will still be so for some time in spite of epidemics...I am doing remarkably well and have not felt the least inconvenience as yet…I have no fears of the disease.”</span></em> He concluded by asking his father for some “specie” (“Confederate money is literally worth nothing,” he acknowledged) in the event that <em><span style="font-size: large;">“Yellow Jack lays his hands on me”</span></em> and he should need some medicine. (15)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>It was the last letter the young soldier would write to his father: the yellow fever did “lay his hands” on Dudley H. Ward. He died on September 19, 1864 – only five days after writing the letter - and was buried a day later in the “Soldier’s Rest” section of the Old Potter’s Field in the city cemetery. The exact location of Ward’s grave - and those of other soldiers - was lost in the 1900 hurricane. In 2000, a marker was erected to commemorate the final resting place of Ward and more than two hundred other Confederate soldiers who died of disease during the war in Galveston. (16)</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Sources</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) The best source for information on Ward and his family is David C. Humphrey’s <em>Peg Leg: The Improbable Life of a Texas Hero, Thomas William Ward, 1807-1872</em> (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2004).</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Letter, September 7, 1864, Galveston, TX, Dudley H. Ward to Thomas H. Ward, Dudley Ward Papers, Texas General Land Office (hereafter TGLO), Austin, TX.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Hardwick, Susan W. <em>Mythic Galveston: Reinventing America’s Third Coast. </em>Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, p. 27; Hayes, Charles W. <em>History of the Island and the City of Galveston</em>, 2 vol., Austin, TX: Jenkins Garrett Press, 1974, Vol. 1, 387.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Ashbel Smith, <em>Yellow Fever in Galveston, Republic of Texas, 1839: An Account of the Great Epidemic</em> (reprint of the original, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951), pp. vi-vii, 18.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Fornell, Earl W. <em>The Galveston Era: The Texas Crescent on the Eve of Secession</em>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961, p. 66.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Andrew M. Bell, <em>Mosquito Soldiers: Malaria, Yellow Fever, and the Course of the American Civil War</em> (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010), p. 4.</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Letter, May 12, 1864, Galveston, Texas, Dr. Gustave Holland to Brig. James M. Hawes, M331, Compiled Service Records (CSR) of Confederate General and Staff Officers, and Nonregimental Enlisted Men, NARA.<br />(8) Ibid.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(9) Andrew Hall, “Did Denbigh Bring Yellow Fever to Galveston?” “Dead Confederates” blog, </span></strong><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2010/07/09/did-denbigh-bring-yellow-fever-to-galveston/"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2010/07/09/did-denbigh-bring-yellow-fever-to-galveston/">http://deadconfederates.com/2010/07/09/did-denbigh-bring-yellow-fever-to-galveston/</a></span><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2010/07/09/did-denbigh-bring-yellow-fever-to-galveston/"></a></strong><a href="http://deadconfederates.com/2010/07/09/did-denbigh-bring-yellow-fever-to-galveston/"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong></strong></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>(10) Greensville S. Dowell, <em>Yellow Fever and Malarial Diseases: Embracing a History of the Epidemics of Yellow Fever in Texas</em> (Philadelphia: Medical Publications, 1876), 26.</strong></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(11) Cotham, Edward T. <em>Battle on the Bay: The Civil War Struggle for Galveston</em>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998, p. 166.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(12) Letter, September 14, 1864, Galveston, TX, Dudley H. Ward to Thomas H. Ward, Dudley Ward Papers, TGLO; Peggy H. Gregory, comp., <em>Record of Internments of the City of Galveston, 1859-1872</em> (Houston: privately printed, 1976), 42; Dowell, <em>Yellow Fever</em>, 43.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(13) Ralph J. Smith, <em>Reminisences of Civil War</em> (Waco, TX: W. M. Morrison, 1911), 18.</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>(14) <em>Galveston Weekly News</em>, September 15, 1864; Smith, <em>Reminisences</em>, 19.</strong></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(15) Letter, September 14, 1864, Galveston, TX, Dudley H. Ward to Thomas H. Ward, Dudley Ward Papers, TGLO.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(16) Gregory, <em>Record of Internments</em>, 44.“A Guide to the Dudley Ward Papers, 1863-1864,” Texas Archival Resources Online (TARO), </span></strong><a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/txglo/00001/glo-00001.html"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/txglo/00001/glo-00001.html</span></strong></a> <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmv_K7OnIr6qwLH1e6xq0hnwCO8XGjgKK7U2BhVKUv2fB3gOk_22ZpJxSMfjcG_eY4-VQGDWtg_sBQRzDeSomi_5VSyE8HTt43yxybe5I8ah9tF4KHeo88HX-q9HdM9VBOdT2xdwN4So/s1600/gcdn+screen+shot+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmv_K7OnIr6qwLH1e6xq0hnwCO8XGjgKK7U2BhVKUv2fB3gOk_22ZpJxSMfjcG_eY4-VQGDWtg_sBQRzDeSomi_5VSyE8HTt43yxybe5I8ah9tF4KHeo88HX-q9HdM9VBOdT2xdwN4So/s1600/gcdn+screen+shot+2.jpg" height="381" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSKDRZOI4MONrrS6X94ajwSsud9d0s7P1ikzj7LJgECVSxZebghzDmK4bRLV9qjyNd07O5zxhF8dovGjYr2Js3XK2MuvdnmxaKdFUUFkAIyQuT2dqPfyvicH878I2tJ2boxjlvq76lOPs/s1600/schmidt+galveston+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSKDRZOI4MONrrS6X94ajwSsud9d0s7P1ikzj7LJgECVSxZebghzDmK4bRLV9qjyNd07O5zxhF8dovGjYr2Js3XK2MuvdnmxaKdFUUFkAIyQuT2dqPfyvicH878I2tJ2boxjlvq76lOPs/s1600/schmidt+galveston+cover.jpg" height="400" width="265" /></a></div>
<br />
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-9054788780426795272014-07-31T12:41:00.001-07:002014-07-31T12:41:42.680-07:00Medical Department #47 - Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl<div style="text-align: center;">
<div align="left">
<strong>I'm pleased to provide below the text from my most recent "Medical Department" column in <em>Civil War News</em>.</strong></div>
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>“Medical Department”</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><em><a href="http://www.civilwarnews.com/" target="_blank">Civil War News</a></em></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>August 2014</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>By Jim Schmidt</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong></strong> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">“Our Bodies, Ourselves”</span></strong></div>
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">"Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own."</span></em> - Harriet Jacobs, <em>Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</em> (1861)</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVcgScpnalzCzM4mTrvPnUhVmMQiNviVpsGCXOtJF4ZadfRWRCoaHBAkL24QNh8McpaquzRjhlt3383Y5Uo5tbUM4OQCaef7DTFXeUALSIdzv1tAm86BVs_EbNEYcpD2p2SwYObTF-uo/s1600/incidents+announce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVcgScpnalzCzM4mTrvPnUhVmMQiNviVpsGCXOtJF4ZadfRWRCoaHBAkL24QNh8McpaquzRjhlt3383Y5Uo5tbUM4OQCaef7DTFXeUALSIdzv1tAm86BVs_EbNEYcpD2p2SwYObTF-uo/s1600/incidents+announce.jpg" height="278" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong><em>Anti-Slavery Bugle</em> - Lisbon, OH - November 03, 1860</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Recently, I read Harriet Jacobs’s <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" target="_blank">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></em>, first published in 1861. I was inspired to read it for two reasons: first, it seemed a good companion to last year’s award-winning film, <em>Twelve Years a Slave</em> (based on the 1853 narrative by Solomon Northup); second, on account of reading a recent excellent article, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24306364" target="_blank">“"[No] Doctor but My Master": Health Reform and Antislavery Rhetoric in Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” (<em>J Med Humanit</em>, Mar 2014),</a> by Sarah L. Berry, Ph.D.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">“Northrup’s narrative is a classic among the thousands of narratives told or written by enslaved men,”</span></em> Dr. Berry wrote me after kindly agreeing to an interview, adding that, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“Jacobs’s narrative is absolutely unique in being the only narrative written by a formerly enslaved woman before the Civil War and in directly addressing the sexual exploitation and disrupted parenting of enslaved women. Jacobs was brave to disclose the full extent of her experience to a middle-class female readership.”</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Dr. Berry makes several important points that tie together the study of slavery and medicine that should be of interest to readers of this column: 1) she emphasizes Jacobs’s experience about the particular suffering of female slaves, especially in terms of sexual exploitation; 2) she demonstrates the power wielded by slaveholding physicians over the bodies and medical treatment of their female slaves (and of free white females); 3) she notes how Jacobs criticized the “heroic” medicine of the early-1800s; and 4) she explains how <em>Incidents</em> was more than an abolitionist track, but also part of the broader reform literature of the era, including medical reform.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Dr. Berry has a most interesting and diverse academic background – <em><span style="font-size: large;">“I have a BS in Biology and a PhD in English, with experience in lab work and clinical research and, post-PhD, expertise in the field of Health Humanities,”</span></em> she told me - which is wonderfully expressed in her equally diverse teaching, research, and writing interests: medicine, literature, social justice, and health. Most recently on the faculty of the English Department of Hobart and William Smith Colleges in New York, she’ll soon begin a new assignment as Assistant Professor of Biomedical Humanities at Hiram College in Ohio.</strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZIxC9OPkVCRRLiaRfgRTaWeLG8z44IWqev966HPTl4XNuZv_DSgWca72sjjt3ZUJSiGHfW3D80AkSVHn-VWqmXwHXFCVteNORV7Djt7tfrenGna7tP0N8DVdw8gB-wR7E4-GEjnzc8Kc/s1600/Harriet_Ann_Jacobs1894.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZIxC9OPkVCRRLiaRfgRTaWeLG8z44IWqev966HPTl4XNuZv_DSgWca72sjjt3ZUJSiGHfW3D80AkSVHn-VWqmXwHXFCVteNORV7Djt7tfrenGna7tP0N8DVdw8gB-wR7E4-GEjnzc8Kc/s1600/Harriet_Ann_Jacobs1894.png" height="320" width="222" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Harriet Jacobs - c1890s</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>Jacobs’s <em>Incidents</em> appealed to Dr. Berry owing to her general interest in women’s first-person narratives. <em><span style="font-size: large;">“I wanted to investigate them deeply to see if broad statements about women’s powerlessness that are often made in nineteenth-century studies were always true,”</span></em> she told me, adding, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“I wanted to learn about the nitty-gritty details of a woman’s life with illness, or injury, and medical treatment, and as a result I became very interested in the details of medical men’s practices.”</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>While Jacobs’s narrative has been analyzed by literature and history scholars, Dr. Berry recognized that no one found “Dr. Flint’s” (the fictionalized name of Harriet Jacobs’s master, <a href="http://ncpedia.org/biography/norcom-james-sr" target="_blank">Dr. James Norcom</a>) profession as a physician important enough to mention. <em><span style="font-size: large;">“That’s when I decided to go to Raleigh [North Carolina] and read his papers for myself, to find out what kind of doctor he was, and how that affected Jacobs,”</span></em> Dr. Berry said.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Indeed, Dr. Berry’s essay is well-researched, drawing on <em>Incidents</em> itself, the <a href="http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p16062coll15/id/822" target="_blank">papers of Jacobs’s master, Dr. James Norcom</a>, the papers of mid-19th century reformers such as Amy Post, and recent scholarship in gender, slavery, abolition and other 19th-century reform movements, medicine, and other academic studies.</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sySSCO2hMvioVfUsYbWb7B0Sc8-fIo03Op7JWnmt4PB8sRWuQbl77FXmwEU79LrQk_FiC7OyyisyJSlA65G7CLnkucXfH5D3s7N9fNkNVkkzVBtEWSL8eh6qxkfMhsDaQiMwtmTd72g/s1600/Norcom_James_Sr_Museum_of_History.jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="266" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Dr James Norcom - <a href="http://collections.ncdcr.gov/dcr/ProficioScript.aspx?IDCFile=DETAILS.IDC,TITLE=NEW SEARCH,URL=search.html,SPECIFIC=78651,DATABASE=WebTagSet635072336541680684," target="_blank">NC Museum of History</a></strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>She compared what she found in Norcom’s personal writings with what Jacobs said about him, and about living her life under his thumb. <em><span style="font-size: large;">“The results of my research bring to light many biographical and historical facts about Norcom that have not been discussed in the scholarship, and that help illuminate Jacobs’s unique abolitionist strategy of tying anti-slavery with anti-medicine arguments to appeal to a specifically white, middle-class female audience that was already beginning to protest both slavery and medicine in the 1850s when Jacobs was writing,”</span></em> Dr. Berry explained.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Dr. Berry notes that Harriet Jacobs lived periodically among female reformers of Rochester, NY, who had responsibility for their family’s health. For these women, heroic medical practices were under debate and critiqued as too harsh, too expensive, and ineffective. As an example of the treatments they criticized, Dr. Berry shares some of Dr. Norcom’s notes on his treatment of a (white) female patient:</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">“The case of Miss E. Boushel came out of the hands of Dr. Warren who had been prescribing for her, more than a year. She was never bled, seldom purged & only once or twice cupped – morphia & blisters were the remedies principally relied on for her relief. I have found her to require large depletion, active purgatives & strong revulsive remedies.”</span></em></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Dr. Berry notes in the article that this is much more than an example of the “heroic” medicine practiced in the era, writing, <em><span style="font-size: large;">“Norcom aggressively asserted control not only over Boushel’s disease, but also over body as a site for professional competition.”</span></em> [One of the most interesting storylines in <em>Incidents</em> is Norcom’s “treatment” of Harriet’s original mistress; her subsequent death resulted in her transfer to Norcom’s household.]</strong><br />
<br />
<strong><em><span style="font-size: large;">“She also drew very clear parallels between the sexual endangerment of free female patients by male doctors who were increasingly taking over gynecology and obstetrics from midwives and the systematic sexual exploitation of enslaved girls and women,”</span></em> Dr. Berry told me. In doing so, Jacobs <em><span style="font-size: large;">“helped her make her case that white women and women of color were equals in terms of bodily rights and vulnerability to men,”</span></em> she added.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>No wonder that the reformers were pressing instead for alternatives that they perceived as gentler and more effective, such as the water cure. Likewise, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell sought to become a physician in no small part to the <em><span style="font-size: large;">“moral degradation…from the practice of being treated by men in female complaints”</span></em> suffered by free and enslaved females, alike.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Until now, my reading in this area had been limited to Todd Savitt’s <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Medicine-Slavery-Diseases-Antebellum-Virginia/dp/025200874X/" target="_blank">Medicine and Slavery</a></em> (1978). <em><span style="font-size: large;">“Savitt is classic and indispensable,”</span></em> Dr. Berry told me, and happily added some other recommended reading for us: <span style="font-size: large;"><em>“Sharla M. Fett’s book -</em> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Working-Cures-Southern-Plantations-American/dp/080785378X/" target="_blank">Working Cures: Healing, Health, and Power on Southern Slave Plantations</a> <em>(2002) - is an absolute pleasure; very accessible writing and very fascinating insight and evidence into the social and political convergence of African, indigenous, and European healing practices in numerous regions of the south.”</em></span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong>She also lists Harriet Washington’s <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Medical-Apartheid-Experimentation-Americans-Colonial/dp/076791547X/" target="_blank">Medical Apartheid</a></em> (2006), Deborah McGregor’s <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Midwives-Medicine-Birth-American-Gynecology-ebook/dp/B000RY32LI/" target="_blank">From Midwives to Medicine</a></em> (1998), and Marie Schwartz’s <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Birthing-Slave-Motherhood-Medicine-Antebellum/dp/0674034929/" target="_blank">Birthing a Slave: Motherhood and Medicine in the Antebellum South</a></em> (2006).</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>Dr. Berry acknowledges that hers is certainly not the last word on the intersection of Jacobs, <em>Incidents</em>, slavery, and medicine, and sees many opportunities for other avenues of research. <em><span style="font-size: large;">“A larger outcome of my archival research was to suggest to me and I hope others the need for deep historical contextualization of enslaved peoples’ narratives in relation to medicine, healing, and the social power of the physician in the antebellum south,”</span></em> she wrote me.</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>In her research she found account books and papers from other Edenton, North Carolina (Jacobs’s home until she escaped to the North) physicians, and believes that <em><span style="font-size: large;">“much more ought to be investigated,” </span></em>using those sources to see differences in the treatment of enslaved African-Americans and free whites in the antebellum South.</strong> <br /><br /><strong>Web Exclusive: Link to full text of Harriet Jacobs's <em>Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</em>:</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/01172152.4717.emory.edu/01172152_4717#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank"><img alt="https://archive.org/stream/01172152.4717.emory.edu/01172152_4717#page/n5/mode/2up" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXOjw-M8Lmy9jSbTqga963BFXcORqE1A_e_AUooW6otHw5747cZyE1im6cz4CQXyPFgFbh7CGa3mp2WzHkMabqlqKQYATiUgtT6G2OxhSZEQCgI7uTUGJqpSFkjzZ_LtNewzF-CuIb2aI/s1600/incidents+cover.jpg" height="400" width="293" /></a></div>
<strong><br /></strong> </div>
Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-55281973683496466842014-06-17T17:41:00.003-07:002014-06-17T19:13:00.271-07:00Dr. John S. Sappington - Part III - A Paper Chase<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-G70IGlMggZeg0yl9pm8-9ol7S6QPzAABXZnXX4O7m3rVI5Ug8Bk4rFJvDAcX4jPx8ot43NFpZsoni9Lt9Gk04HmAyURuZ4EbQh5w6ma3Z3paP2T_GY9KdgiYUtD6Pn7KAISoXe_BKI/s1600/shs+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-G70IGlMggZeg0yl9pm8-9ol7S6QPzAABXZnXX4O7m3rVI5Ug8Bk4rFJvDAcX4jPx8ot43NFpZsoni9Lt9Gk04HmAyURuZ4EbQh5w6ma3Z3paP2T_GY9KdgiYUtD6Pn7KAISoXe_BKI/s1600/shs+3.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>One of many folders of the Dr. John Sappington Papers - State Historical Society of Missouri - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"Medicine sales very light; stock is old, labels become old and soiled."</i></span> - Letter, January 3, 1852, J. D. Gregory to Miles Marmaduke.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Earlier this year I had the great pleasure and privilege of being part of a nonfiction author panel at the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.montgomerycountybookfestival.com/index.html" target="_blank">2014 Montgomery County (TX) Book Festival</a></span>. One of the authors on the panel was the well-known True Crime writer, <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.kathryncasey.com/" target="_blank">Kathryn Casey</a></span>. She was really nice and interesting. In answer to a question from the audience about how she does her research, she mentioned that she conducts dozens of interviews for each book - often more than a hundred.</b><br />
<br />
<b>When asked about my research techniques, I said - only half-tongue-in-cheek - that I also did dozens of interviews. Then I explained that in my case, I didn't interrogate people...I interrogated their "papers" - letters, diaries, receipts, etc. - in order to get the best feeling I could for them, in their own words.</b><br />
<br />
<b>And so it was, as part of this continuing adventure (Part I and II <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/06/dr-john-s-sappington-part-i-sappingtons.html" target="_blank">here</a></span> and <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/06/dr-john-s-sappington-part-ii-sappington.html" target="_blank">here</a></span>) to learn more about Dr. John Sappington of Arrow Rock, Missouri, I went to his collection of papers (and the Sappington Family Papers), which are right here in Columbia, Missouri, at the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/about/columbia.shtml" target="_blank">State Historical Society</a></span>.</b><br />
<br />
<b>To - er - paraphrase Boromir from <i>Lord of the Rings</i>:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXPFE-OBfglDukx7uYvc5_XBLMxKVd-bO5QMh1bHLtvh8uDL_VJwLP3IXnbl0ZX6AZ37WQ0cXYCDVU9amdASTZetXOiio8RNN8QKwCHwEYldySO_KI-ys_SO74i8BeRZJVE3SmZy74jzM/s1600/9nawt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXPFE-OBfglDukx7uYvc5_XBLMxKVd-bO5QMh1bHLtvh8uDL_VJwLP3IXnbl0ZX6AZ37WQ0cXYCDVU9amdASTZetXOiio8RNN8QKwCHwEYldySO_KI-ys_SO74i8BeRZJVE3SmZy74jzM/s1600/9nawt.jpg" height="235" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Created by Yours Truly Using the <a href="https://imgflip.com/memegenerator/One-Does-Not-Simply" target="_blank">Meme Generator</a> :-)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>That's right! It takes some preparation to make the best use of your time and to help the (ever-helpful) archivists help you!</b><br />
<br />
<b>So, I revisited the great advice my good friend Guy Hasegawa gave me, which proved helpful in my last visit to an archival collection at the Galveston and Texas History Center (blog post about that visit <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2012/06/galveston-research-summary-17-galveston.html" target="_blank">here</a></span>):</b><br />
<br />
<i><b>“First, do your homework, and be as specific as possible in stating your research interest,” he told me...His second suggestion is to allow plenty of time: “It takes time to locate microfilm or have paper records retrieved,” he said. He also noted that Civil War documents are generally handwritten and are difficult to read quickly. In short, he concludes: “Don’t fool yourself into thinking that any sizable project can be done in one day.”</b></i><br />
<br />
<b>So, first I did my homework!</b><br />
<br />
<b>The SHS-Columbia has some excellent online manuscript finding aids for the Dr. Sappington Papers (<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/manuscripts/invent/1027.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></span>) and the Sappington Family Papers (<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/manuscripts/invent/0159.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></span>), which helped with making a list before I arrived of items I wanted to see.</b> <b>Also, Lynn Morrow's excellent and scholarly article, “Dr. John Sappington: Southern Patriarch in the New West.” Missouri Historical Review, v. 90, no. 1 (October 1995), pp. 38-60 (<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://statehistoricalsocietyofmissouri.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mhr/id/47807/show/47714" target="_blank">here</a></span>) - included references to a lot of material that would be interesting, so I "mined" his footnotes and made a list of papers I knew I'd want to see.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Second, I limited the amount of material I would ask for, especially since the Saturday hours at the SHS are more limited than weekdays. I identified a few folders I was interested in. There was indeed more that I would have looked at (and will!)...the time spent in reading and transcribing sometimes doesn't allow for seeing everything, so be sure and prioritize!</b><br />
<br />
<b>It's also important to know the policies and procedures of an archive before you visit as to regulations for what paper, writing utensils, computers, photography, etc. are or are not allowed. The SHS policies are <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/about/procedures.shtml" target="_blank">here</a></span>.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPyMe2JRv4c2Nhxu5g0k-4vF2t76EILSgeMGzByK2as1elSxmCIAq3PofoBS9rU5sukLXC2ctqdFcgv4tgdNbWQ1gNU8VHOw_pXXMqhdSVrQ8aY2ujtcry42UFDsjoKeHFpLJ1Ex_7GGg/s1600/shs+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPyMe2JRv4c2Nhxu5g0k-4vF2t76EILSgeMGzByK2as1elSxmCIAq3PofoBS9rU5sukLXC2ctqdFcgv4tgdNbWQ1gNU8VHOw_pXXMqhdSVrQ8aY2ujtcry42UFDsjoKeHFpLJ1Ex_7GGg/s1600/shs+2.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>The staff at the SHS-Columbia were VERY helpful and courteous...I look forward to visiting again! </b><br />
<br />
<b>In looking at the Sappington Papers I got a wonderful glimpse into the day-to-day mechanics of his patent medicine enterprise:</b><br />
<br />
<b>Letters from entrepreneurial spirits of all kinds seeking permission to have an exclusive Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills agency.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Handwritten testimonials from satisfied users, some of whom also sought an agency</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Letters from agents in the field complaining about the blight of all successful patent medicine proprietors: counterfeit medicine. </b><br />
<br />
<b>Correspondence on the quinine (the principal active ingredient in his pills) market.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Reports that his medicine was not doing as well as the medicines of local proprietors</b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfdBxP0IHBlwHh0v2zo1asT7x-HDD21fMX2e4Qt-E5mF-RIvPFmFcLicUav4k7GGxwX6brUfgMtBjnfGGRYQXnXTG1x3Ny1Vzb1rNrIlnRXauGlT0BPuDr2eiuox2yr2fhM8zq1rg1n3g/s1600/shs+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfdBxP0IHBlwHh0v2zo1asT7x-HDD21fMX2e4Qt-E5mF-RIvPFmFcLicUav4k7GGxwX6brUfgMtBjnfGGRYQXnXTG1x3Ny1Vzb1rNrIlnRXauGlT0BPuDr2eiuox2yr2fhM8zq1rg1n3g/s1600/shs+1.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>One of many folders of the Dr. John Sappington Papers - State Historical Society of Missouri - Jim Schmidt</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSBpSpgm-YXAxNpR1oqo40InV4JxmHwKseTIVnSDZiWgA3FSVGYXlJz46PPXDAbhd8qy4ejrR5iz-tBhDtklH0B8WwcEdPt-K3bdGW5PRHYY8O7GBOfxS7ljqwcK3-dq2rHFAsSKdMVuw/s1600/shs+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<b>Letters from agents urging Dr. Sappington to advertise that his pills did not contain mineral ingredients </b><br />
<br />
<b>Letters about collection efforts - Sappington was vigilant in collections - more than one set of papers detailed his procurement of slaves in settlement of a debt.</b><br />
<br />
<b>And - much interesting correspondence about the publication and distribution of his book, Sappington on Fevers, discussed in the previous post</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>It was a great trip and I look forward to returning! Many thanks to the helpful folks at the SHS-Columbia! And: please USE and SUPPORT your local archives...often, if people aren't using them, they'll have a harder time justifying the necessary expense of professional archivists and proper storage and conservation.</b></span>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-82683278253983076802014-06-14T13:05:00.000-07:002014-06-14T13:05:12.550-07:00Dr. John S. Sappington - Part II - "Sappington on Fevers"<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitUyC__K2rHzvCdgw6QRaI3KXg-KhF0h_Xik4MCnluVHxzsXCjZple3DnKwbne9cUKjoLFI5KdxkXSkE2lw_EFZoFsYbjPx319c7Gcf2iXHPT7HwrVAArFNwWuMMPQ4VZ8N8ahWS_7u3s/s1600/DSC02008.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitUyC__K2rHzvCdgw6QRaI3KXg-KhF0h_Xik4MCnluVHxzsXCjZple3DnKwbne9cUKjoLFI5KdxkXSkE2lw_EFZoFsYbjPx319c7Gcf2iXHPT7HwrVAArFNwWuMMPQ4VZ8N8ahWS_7u3s/s1600/DSC02008.JPG" height="400" width="193" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Jim Schmidt Collection</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"As I have long since departed from the theory and practice in which I was principally taught, and am now engaged in writing against them, it may be proper that I should give my reasons to the public for doing so."</i></span> — Dr. John Sappington, <i>Theory and Treatment of Fevers</i> (1844)</b><br />
<br />
<b>In Part I of this series (<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://civilwarmed.blogspot.com/2014/06/dr-john-s-sappington-part-i-sappingtons.html" target="_blank">here</a></span>), I introduced Dr. John Sappington of Arrow Rock, Missouri, and his "Anti-Fever Pills," a popular remedy in the 1830s and 40s.</b><br />
<br />
<b>In this post, I'll describe another of Sappington's accomplishments: his publication, in 1844, of <i>Theory and Treatment of Fevers</i>, also known as <i>Sappington on Fevers</i>.</b><br />
<br />
<b>The book is important on several counts:</b><br />
<br />
<b>It is one of the earliest books published west of the Mississippi and the first medical book printed in Missouri (some say it was the first medical book published west of the Mississippi)</b><br />
<br />
<b>In the book, he criticizes what he called the "pukes and purgatives" practice of so-called "heroic medicine," which included the heavy use of calomel and bloodletting.</b><br />
<br />
<b>He also revealed the recipe of his pills (much to the consternation of family members who grew rich off agencies and collections):</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnrgP85Ipk2wjaNN-MSUsdElK2k4Nw7nmytldxxdBobWK7Rf14fX_8WmCLYq2-_dazkO3kHz5R3roBl9G4yLWTsRCAXNMTPAtz0IEBI6O30HtKXXfikb9lEl4ihWf038pcxIyeLPAVwT8/s1600/DSC02012.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnrgP85Ipk2wjaNN-MSUsdElK2k4Nw7nmytldxxdBobWK7Rf14fX_8WmCLYq2-_dazkO3kHz5R3roBl9G4yLWTsRCAXNMTPAtz0IEBI6O30HtKXXfikb9lEl4ihWf038pcxIyeLPAVwT8/s1600/DSC02012.JPG" height="400" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Jim Schmidt Collection</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"Although the author has vended pills to a large amount, and realized considerable sums of money by his sales, the people have also saved a great many dollars by using them; been relieved of much pain and suffering, and very many lives have no doubt been saved and prolonged. The author considers himself driven to this alternative, more from motives of benevolence than from those of self-interest."</i></span> (p. 79)</b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i> “[The pills] were simply composed of one grain quinine each, three-fourths of a grain of liquorice, and one-fourth grain of myrrh, to which was added just so much of the oil of sassafras as would give to them an agreeable odor”</i></span> (p. 79)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Sappington printed about 25,000 copies of the book and took advantage of his network of agents to sell them. He also published notices in papers such as this:</b><br />
<br />
<b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIN_qp-rvFvi5ub5dE0UWpXvVQmxK3MVsRezBE4l71tfgSl74mAyiHhPK3io2Jhf7WUvTWsY67HS9j9yNJ-o9uh0Cch_SZ0R9xzRqGcBaZBaS3qw7u8tjFetoklKRSs2Su-D6zES8gno/s1600/fever.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIN_qp-rvFvi5ub5dE0UWpXvVQmxK3MVsRezBE4l71tfgSl74mAyiHhPK3io2Jhf7WUvTWsY67HS9j9yNJ-o9uh0Cch_SZ0R9xzRqGcBaZBaS3qw7u8tjFetoklKRSs2Su-D6zES8gno/s1600/fever.jpg" height="238" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Boon's Lick Times</i> (MO) - October 19, 1844</span></h1>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b><br />
<b>Unfortunately for Sappington the book did not achieve great sales...originally priced at $2.00, plummeted to twenty cents a few years later, and finally for five cents in 1854.</b><br />
<br />
<b>A link to the full text of the book is provided below via <a href="http://archive.org/">archive.org</a>. I obtained a great softcover reprint of the book via the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://friendsofarrowrock.org/" target="_blank">Friends of Arrow Rock</a> </span>for the bargain price of $5.00. Still, curious to see if an actual 1844 copy might be available, I scoured one of my favorite rare book sites: <a href="http://www.abebooks.com/" target="_blank">ABEBooks</a> and was fortunate to find a copy for a very affordable price and happily in great condition (for being 170 years old!): good, if worn, binding, and some foxing on the pages, but otherwise a really nice addition to my personal library...other extant copies can still be found, with price generally depending on condition.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/2571008R.nlm.nih.gov/2571008R" target="_blank"><img alt="https://archive.org/stream/2571008R.nlm.nih.gov/2571008R" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOIMyPQ5zJBc9BQcKc8uZQphvz5wQfAgTY_dF8cu00WhNZ57nfnbnpSFGuwRc3ZJmkwIC5uvRscWbi4w2rK5o0GQp-iYPDWfTi9ZRCSP2WmddvejYOvZ1OxsjVPbePcKvkUaYXa_E0tMs/s1600/fever2.jpg" height="400" width="281" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b> </b>Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-87946403345539411122014-06-12T17:52:00.000-07:002014-06-12T17:57:52.998-07:00Dr. John S. Sappington - Part I - Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills<b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"He prescribed blue pills, oil and other nauseating doses, and though they relieved me some, the chief cure was "Dctr. Sappington's Pills," which I must ever eulogize as a medicine of fine qualities. One box of them administered by </i>mi alma<i> cured me or at least broke the fever. After great prostration of body I am again creeping out."</i></span> - Diary, Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-47 </b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgExA19NS4gjsGlu9a12xIMSzRxtc4EGXsX6cD4Xf2FPylsSh3Nr31dBythIsIDA6QmSE_oV4aL3wg9zo2GeRxhV1X2Jvefx-RcTErlXFtPolebiCLvYM4l3OqTBwmbPsz7V481PDtsvxc/s1600/DSC01877c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgExA19NS4gjsGlu9a12xIMSzRxtc4EGXsX6cD4Xf2FPylsSh3Nr31dBythIsIDA6QmSE_oV4aL3wg9zo2GeRxhV1X2Jvefx-RcTErlXFtPolebiCLvYM4l3OqTBwmbPsz7V481PDtsvxc/s1600/DSC01877c.jpg" height="317" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>A couple weekends ago I had the great pleasure of visiting the <a href="http://mostateparks.com/park/arrow-rock-state-historic-site" target="_blank">Arrow Rock State Historic Site</a> in Missouri. Having never been there before - and with two or three specific destinations in mind - I had little idea of what the site had to offer.</b><br />
<br />
<b>What a wonderful place it is! I can't wait to go back and enjoy more! The entire locale of <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.arrowrock.org/" target="_blank">Arrow Rock</a></span> (Est. 1829) is on the National Register of Historic Places, with about 1/3 privately owned, 1/3 owned by the state, and another 1/3 owned by an active preservation organization</b>, <b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://friendsofarrowrock.org/" target="_blank">The Friends of Arrow Rock</a></span>.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>A summary of the site can be found on the official state parks page:</b><br />
<i><b><br /></b></i>
<i><b>Stroll through the history of a once-bustling river town that’s now the serene village of Arrow Rock. You’ll walk streets lined with the architecture of the historic “Boone’s Lick Country.” At Arrow Rock State Historic Site, you may wander into the historic Old Tavern, which dates back to 1834 and provides a dining experience in a period setting or see displays of old-time wares at the Huston Store. You can learn about it all through exhibits in the visitor center. The historic site is part of the larger Village of Arrow Rock, which features quaint stores and a bevy of antique shops.</b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyf1PPJEARGQzk7EpMaijfKLZux8BFunkFTt39NgSn-eMt3VMKS9NxZLApQTU0YLHMzf6VzAN5nhlbmAlNyPFcW8XqLP3ckdbkOFQ7TpRERazryfaSaKr71OKh-eNCEuHSdONn1jAdf3A/s1600/sappingtonportrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyf1PPJEARGQzk7EpMaijfKLZux8BFunkFTt39NgSn-eMt3VMKS9NxZLApQTU0YLHMzf6VzAN5nhlbmAlNyPFcW8XqLP3ckdbkOFQ7TpRERazryfaSaKr71OKh-eNCEuHSdONn1jAdf3A/s1600/sappingtonportrait.jpg" height="320" width="249" /></a></div>
<b>One destination I did have is dedicated to one of Arrow Rock's foremost citizens: Dr. John S. Sappington (1776-1856)</b><br />
<br />
<b>Sappington is of great interest to me for several reasons:</b><br />
<ul>
<li><b> </b><b>He was the force behind an early American proprietary/patent medicine: Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills, a medicine popular in the Midwest and South in the 1830s-40s</b></li>
<li><b>He was the author of the first medical treatise published west of the Mississippi </b></li>
<li><b>His (and his family's) papers are located at the state historical society branch here in Columbia</b></li>
<li><b>His extended family had powerful political influence in the mid-19th century (two of his sons-in-law were Missouri governors)</b></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>So, in this series of blog posts, I'll share some of what I've seen and learned about this man, his business, and his family.</b><br />
<br />
<b>You can learn about <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/s/sappington/" target="_blank">Dr. John S. Sappington</a></span> by visiting the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/index.html" target="_blank">"Historic Missourians"</a></span> website of the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/index.shtml" target="_blank">State Historical Society of Missouri</a></span>.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Arrow Rock is the home of the <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.visitmo.com/dr-john-sappington-museum.aspx" target="_blank">Dr. John Sappington Museum</a></span>, which I happily visited to learn more about his Anti-Fever Pills.</b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihq7IegXfXZSPcDkGb0bJHFzSYRxdCt5JN6PaLznmnxrZpNUm9XYE5V9WM4MVsnV4mYOEOMWG7-uGjTmKCtKJi4QvCSzy85cShNV3wHtzkqrFAVGDPeBW0tAW5Tcu1sDZPQIZcKhv96M/s1600/sappingtonpaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihq7IegXfXZSPcDkGb0bJHFzSYRxdCt5JN6PaLznmnxrZpNUm9XYE5V9WM4MVsnV4mYOEOMWG7-uGjTmKCtKJi4QvCSzy85cShNV3wHtzkqrFAVGDPeBW0tAW5Tcu1sDZPQIZcKhv96M/s1600/sappingtonpaper.jpg" height="320" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Logansport (IN) <i>Telegraph</i> July 27, 1839</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>The history of the pills is briefly presented in his <a href="http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/s/sappington/" target="_blank">online biography</a>:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<i><b>Financially successful, Sappington continued to practice medicine. He began to experiment with quinine, a substance derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, a species native to South America. Sappington began importing cinchona bark as early as 1820, but it was only years later that he discovered its most promising medicinal use as a preventative against malarial fever. Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills.</b></i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><b>Malaria, an infectious disease passed from mosquitoes to humans, ravaged much of early America. People who lived near bodies of water or in areas of swampy, poorly drained land were among those most likely to contract the disease. Once infected, an individual suffered from high fever, chills, vomiting, and joint pain. Missourians who lived along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers were often susceptible to malaria.</b></i><br />
<br />
<b><i>In 1832, using quinine taken from cinchona bark, Sappington developed a pill to cure a variety of fevers, such as scarlet fever, yellow fever, and influenza. He sold “Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills” across Missouri. Demand became so great that within three years Dr. Sappington founded a new company known as Sappington and Sons to sell his anti-fever pills nationwide. The anti-fever pills were popular in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.</i></b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><b>[Note: Unfortunately, many enthusiastic biographers</b><b> declare that Sappington "discovered" cinchona bark (and quinine's) efficicay in treating malaria.In fact it had long been used by natives in Peru, from where the bark was imported to the United States, and had appeared in some European medicines in the mid-1600s.]</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<b>A better picture of Sappington and his pills can be found in these articles:</b><br />
<br />
<b>T. Findley, "Sappington's anti-fever pills and the Westward migration," <i>Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc.</i> 1968; 79: 34–44.</b> <b>(Full text as PDF <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2441189/pdf/tacca00114-0101.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></span>)</b><br />
<br />
<b>Morrow, Lynn. “Dr. John Sappington: Southern Patriarch in the New West.” Missouri Historical Review, v. 90, no. 1 (October 1995), pp. 38-60.</b> <b>(<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://statehistoricalsocietyofmissouri.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mhr/id/47807/show/47714" target="_blank">here</a></span>)</b><br />
<br />
<b></b><br />
<b>The next parts of this blog post will feature:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Part II - Sappington's 1844 medical treatise: "The Theory and Treatment of Fevers"</b><br />
<b>Part III - The interesting Sappington Papers at the State Historical Society of Missouri</b><br />
<b>Part IV - The Sappington Family Cemetery State Historic Site - final resting place of Dr. John S. Sappington and two Missouri governors: both of them his sons-in-law</b><br />
<b>Part V- The Sappington Negro Cemetery - Dr. John S. Sappington was a slaveholder, and slavery is an important aspect of Arrow Rock's history</b><br />
<br />
<b><b>The Sappington Museum is small but tells the story very ably and has
some terrific artifacts on display for persons interested in 19th-century medicine, as seen my photos below.</b> </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCX1mJZM61kml2LEVb5aImG_Wv_17G1p4Jx0V3ec5eMOrDGTLize7j5drqEL10QP-EF-YOh8pdUfYWGLJT9JEEk0lRmnW0OlwDOY0BBayQqFQo-LVzg8xu31sIcFjJr9aSiTc3dCJZ_c/s1600/DSC01862.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCX1mJZM61kml2LEVb5aImG_Wv_17G1p4Jx0V3ec5eMOrDGTLize7j5drqEL10QP-EF-YOh8pdUfYWGLJT9JEEk0lRmnW0OlwDOY0BBayQqFQo-LVzg8xu31sIcFjJr9aSiTc3dCJZ_c/s1600/DSC01862.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXTugU68tWTqyn1IyhMKMEI5o4rBVFcR3AMGmeQynnX_Q5CU2NpqHEdbtdzJSbwGWb27JiPQltdVgTWxezPT9gY11fER4mINm_Dow4vwXu5y5ldLIluL3jd4OcQ-TNGiNKcgmnFYBDlOo/s1600/DSC01863.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXTugU68tWTqyn1IyhMKMEI5o4rBVFcR3AMGmeQynnX_Q5CU2NpqHEdbtdzJSbwGWb27JiPQltdVgTWxezPT9gY11fER4mINm_Dow4vwXu5y5ldLIluL3jd4OcQ-TNGiNKcgmnFYBDlOo/s1600/DSC01863.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxWP4NKaymLCrx3FPl4qVELAV0TKFc6VSry3EfR8ONTZb43IbKduKQ06016EuhmiAGuWU32hnPGOq_aVE5RpFsRdf7hbPfajKrZvl-6k4-SToll43pYcFVSSq6g8XAC-o6xfPm70jMpE/s1600/DSC01866.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxWP4NKaymLCrx3FPl4qVELAV0TKFc6VSry3EfR8ONTZb43IbKduKQ06016EuhmiAGuWU32hnPGOq_aVE5RpFsRdf7hbPfajKrZvl-6k4-SToll43pYcFVSSq6g8XAC-o6xfPm70jMpE/s1600/DSC01866.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Sappington began his investigations with cinchona bark but then bought hundreds - if not thousands - of pounds of purified quinine from wholesale druggists in Philadelphia</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAvhGptL1MP2HG5rNVVnmfIq8xTaUmxBPjyunZ2k6dfrAQ0cBETBytknhiEIRZQew933LM_xITigxK1LkFZtAxDR339fzX13UW3z-SaspdsK9hF8U-w5Pct1E84-72rWj2pY0XoJx6DM0/s1600/DSC01868.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAvhGptL1MP2HG5rNVVnmfIq8xTaUmxBPjyunZ2k6dfrAQ0cBETBytknhiEIRZQew933LM_xITigxK1LkFZtAxDR339fzX13UW3z-SaspdsK9hF8U-w5Pct1E84-72rWj2pY0XoJx6DM0/s1600/DSC01868.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Medical Text, c. 1770s, belonged to Sappington’s father, also a physician</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50877QZ3bf7_f0uqMm690x6sF6g3GcJ4jaGYynSgthbdFDvSBYiAwxH_SCOieBzIbpgpO9FIoFdq3Mw5GK9vrT90EHvZ9uEzgHEFngztSm0JNOx6KFSYL9d6gGFV1J5Rlpthr7oa4iIY/s1600/DSC01878.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50877QZ3bf7_f0uqMm690x6sF6g3GcJ4jaGYynSgthbdFDvSBYiAwxH_SCOieBzIbpgpO9FIoFdq3Mw5GK9vrT90EHvZ9uEzgHEFngztSm0JNOx6KFSYL9d6gGFV1J5Rlpthr7oa4iIY/s1600/DSC01878.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Reproduction of a typical Sappington's Pills Broadside</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRq9NyXHKnoXNk1Imw3ir8wkt2hgbdqHvo3yZsRY2Gy3KJLLODfACzDjXNEKJzE6V-mWcvVMFvfOil-ghsswRTRbydNol3G00ddCNmhIoSfBLgsF0qGleYEMbhKoxWR8YGomvAQbfmURk/s1600/DSC01879.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRq9NyXHKnoXNk1Imw3ir8wkt2hgbdqHvo3yZsRY2Gy3KJLLODfACzDjXNEKJzE6V-mWcvVMFvfOil-ghsswRTRbydNol3G00ddCNmhIoSfBLgsF0qGleYEMbhKoxWR8YGomvAQbfmURk/s1600/DSC01879.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Bark of the Cinchona Tree</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXupEt96tJg9qHZeBO57WNQC3CsPdTuTP-NuAzD6Af96GoHntHH9xo9MJ-enXHQcqnMHbDtRu436gAdQtIzEy3YsclXOnKFwTBRSVnpxaaDdIXU1m1Kv2MMd-qxIMLhV7QmGOUqwoWbcU/s1600/DSC01875.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXupEt96tJg9qHZeBO57WNQC3CsPdTuTP-NuAzD6Af96GoHntHH9xo9MJ-enXHQcqnMHbDtRu436gAdQtIzEy3YsclXOnKFwTBRSVnpxaaDdIXU1m1Kv2MMd-qxIMLhV7QmGOUqwoWbcU/s1600/DSC01875.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Ledger Book for Sale of the Pills in Tennessee and Alabama, 1849-50</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<b><i></i></b><br />
<b><i></i></b><br />
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1439587530787929381.post-47526343877667280472014-06-06T06:02:00.002-07:002014-06-06T06:03:08.554-07:00TULSA WORLD - June 6, 1944<strong>I love old newspapers. The look, the feel, the <em>news</em> - of course - the ads, the unexpected finds.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Newspapers published on a particularly historic day are all the more interesting - the older the event, there are often more innaccuracies in the first stories, and if you have a few days worth of the same paper, you can see how the story develops.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Today is the 70th anniversary of D-Day, June 6, 1944.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>I happily share some images from a June 6, 1944 (Final Evening Edition) issue of the Tulsa World in my collection. Bold Headlines. Breaking News. Statemets from the President. Cheap Suits. Rationed Cigarettes.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<strong>Enjoy. <em><u>Remember</u>.</em></strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilVn_iCLCHngdQcelhPyGGgwl-bZXT2FuoH6sNlcSMbvwVOp-Nwx3P4fkR9un89bjl-I4udy55NZy5zA6GhrUaRsImedEMR2RJgBhIJ4b1oTMDE-FxIP8QYLq3DFgOeY7ne9h4prr44IU/s1600/tulsaworld1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilVn_iCLCHngdQcelhPyGGgwl-bZXT2FuoH6sNlcSMbvwVOp-Nwx3P4fkR9un89bjl-I4udy55NZy5zA6GhrUaRsImedEMR2RJgBhIJ4b1oTMDE-FxIP8QYLq3DFgOeY7ne9h4prr44IU/s1600/tulsaworld1.JPG" height="251" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-58zl9SKRQGucc7kissEvXspM-62DaboCdDBKgQM23eGSE_CoDAyIlhyhienZCzlYtQ_FlL4cObde2q9_a0zFsuyXlj6MUoB8NphftGcgUVPXdqcig8Z3o8sP0t-niya6r55TtPI6Dk/s1600/tulsaworld2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-58zl9SKRQGucc7kissEvXspM-62DaboCdDBKgQM23eGSE_CoDAyIlhyhienZCzlYtQ_FlL4cObde2q9_a0zFsuyXlj6MUoB8NphftGcgUVPXdqcig8Z3o8sP0t-niya6r55TtPI6Dk/s1600/tulsaworld2.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg58Zyaqu-IgIuON9Wam1iNZL7zUvs7eanSsZ5sNhGGv2nnt_WqqFVSw9uFZr0Gp2yBW7sRdnUrEg1Oc0t9t1EWL7EmPMXAW-v255oqNkGY92VJLlMq4mMgM1CSBVhHrfb-6WVX_-MLAEM/s1600/tulsaworld3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg58Zyaqu-IgIuON9Wam1iNZL7zUvs7eanSsZ5sNhGGv2nnt_WqqFVSw9uFZr0Gp2yBW7sRdnUrEg1Oc0t9t1EWL7EmPMXAW-v255oqNkGY92VJLlMq4mMgM1CSBVhHrfb-6WVX_-MLAEM/s1600/tulsaworld3.JPG" height="253" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9CpoDsKxc87L23ZZLzmaO770yg1x1Efk7anVazxcqp9RDc-0PUP67qqikB9cXXb_Cz-L3UZN3tVYiXxky8WrYFjaYdS86Ru_7ZWoCDEENTp8wU7IxqHo4zeCX_EojOjvOobNA9S2OUJc/s1600/tulsaworld4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9CpoDsKxc87L23ZZLzmaO770yg1x1Efk7anVazxcqp9RDc-0PUP67qqikB9cXXb_Cz-L3UZN3tVYiXxky8WrYFjaYdS86Ru_7ZWoCDEENTp8wU7IxqHo4zeCX_EojOjvOobNA9S2OUJc/s1600/tulsaworld4.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiYcD4pUXQoWz1-v3vr4QoEuFr4WoC9LLuHf3h18lrH7Mx39MnZT_sqDlojarPnj7v_Z6Qwxa186Xe5XXTmOddvllhY8XhSlKkCip1m3J6deq5NFt3pz1B6kSfQ_NV9b6vNwKCMMuOU9Q/s1600/tulsaworld5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiYcD4pUXQoWz1-v3vr4QoEuFr4WoC9LLuHf3h18lrH7Mx39MnZT_sqDlojarPnj7v_Z6Qwxa186Xe5XXTmOddvllhY8XhSlKkCip1m3J6deq5NFt3pz1B6kSfQ_NV9b6vNwKCMMuOU9Q/s1600/tulsaworld5.JPG" height="400" width="331" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjceql-AtnDbrInxe4lC4f2KF-xZuOQa0aOx7c3ceP2yxOIQMcrPXQ70BtGersk4XytZYt__pTVnbBj6lmbZbzMpg1tXItFqN8WXJfNOqay2Q7UHqdQRxbvMZ0Pv3F8lvINvjBPjMmRdlA/s1600/tulsaworld6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjceql-AtnDbrInxe4lC4f2KF-xZuOQa0aOx7c3ceP2yxOIQMcrPXQ70BtGersk4XytZYt__pTVnbBj6lmbZbzMpg1tXItFqN8WXJfNOqay2Q7UHqdQRxbvMZ0Pv3F8lvINvjBPjMmRdlA/s1600/tulsaworld6.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />Jim Schmidthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03635615531025513644noreply@blogger.com1